新编简明语言学重要期末考点.docx
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新编简明语言学重要期末考点
一、选择题15%
二、T/F15%
三、概念解释4题20%
四、简答题30%
五、语言现象分析20%TGgrammar,bondmorpheme,sentencerelation
1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.
2.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
3.Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage.Itcannotbeusedalone.
4.Awordisameaningfulgrammaticallanguageunitwhichcanbeusedbyitsown.
5.Lexiconreferstoallthewordsormentalwordsthataspeakerknows.
6.Compoundreferstothewayofformingnewwordsbystringingwordstogetherincertainmanner.
7.Anallomorphisanythevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.
8.Themajorbranchesoflinguistics?
写出五大分支:
语音学/音位学/形态学/句法学/语用学
Phonetics语音学isthestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.
Phonology音位学isthestudyofsoundpatternsinhumanlanguage
Morphology形态学isthestudyoftheinternalstructure,formsandclassesofwords.
Syntax句法学isthestudyofrulesthatgovernthegrammaticalformationofsentences.
Pragmatics语用学isthestudyofhowlanguageisusedinactualcommunication.
Semantics语义学isthestudyoflanguagemeaning.
Lexicology词汇学isthestudyofwordsandphrases.
9.distinctionsinlinguistics:
1)prescriptive规定性,提供说话的规范/descriptive描述性,关心人们的说话方式而不是规定该怎么说
modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive
2)synchronic共时性研究/diachronic历时性研究(几个时段一起研究)
modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,becauseitfocusonstudyingalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.在特定的一个时期
3)speech口语/writing书面语(twomajormediaofcommunication)
speechispriortowriting原因:
fromthepointoflinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting;
speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed;
speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismotherlanguage.
4)langue语言/parole言语(说话的最终方式)
languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystem;parolefocusesontherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.
5)competence语言能力/performance语言运用
6)traditionalgrammar传统语法/modernlinguistics现代语言学
3个区别:
modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive;
modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimarywhiletraditionalgrammaremphasizesonwrittenwords;
modernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework.
10.Designfeaturesoflanguage5个特点,语言与动物交流区分
1)arbitrariness任意性(meansthatthesymbolsusedinhumanlanguageisarbitrary.thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.itisnotentirelyarbitrary.somecompoundwordsarealsonotarbitrary.
2)productivity创造性:
languageisproductiveorcreative
3)duality双重结构:
languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.
4)displacement不受时空限制languagecanbeusedtorefercontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakers.
5)culturaltransmission文化传递(文化基因)peoplewerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage.
(是具有学习能力而不是生来就能使用语言)
11.functionsoflanguage
根据tripartiteframework分为3个1)descriptivefunction
2)expressivefunction
3)socialfunction
根据美籍俄人Jacobson’smodel分6类言语活动的6个主要功能
1)emotive:
expresstheattitude
2)conative:
Theaddresseraimstoinfluencetheaddressee’sthoughtsoractions
意动功能,影响听话人的行为
3)referential:
conveyamessageorinformation所指功能,传递信息
4)poetic:
displaythebeautyoflanguageitself组诗功能,表现语言本身的美
5)phaticcommunion:
establishormaintaininterpersonalrelationships.
寒暄功能,用于维系人际关系
6)metalinguistic:
uselanguagetomakeclearthemeaningoflanguageitself.元语言功能
12.threebranchesofphonetics语音学:
articulatoryphonetics发音语音学:
studiesthespeechsoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview
auditoryphonetics听觉语音学:
studiesthehearer’spointofview
acousticphonestic声学语言学:
studiesthesoundwaves
13.IPAInternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标
vowel元音20个,其中单元音12个,双元音8个consonants辅音28个
辅音按mannerofobstruction分为6个:
stops/fricatives/affricates/liquids/nasals/glides
按placeofobstruction分为7个:
bilabial/labiodental/dental/alveolar/palatal/velar/glottal
14.broadtranscription宽式标音法(一个字母表一个音)
narrowtranscription严式标音法(加符号表示不同)
broadtranscriptionusingonelettertorepresentonesound.
narrowtranscriptionaddingdiacriticstothelettersymbolstoshowdifference.
15.phonemiccontrast音位对立,如/p/与/b/
16.minimalpairs最小对立位,在同一位置上的两个不同音位
whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
17.phonology音位学规则:
sequentialrule顺序规则:
rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage
assimilationrule同化规则:
copyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme
deletionrule省略规则:
asoundistobedeletedalthoughitisrepresented.
18.suprasegmentalfeatures超切分手段3个:
stress重音Theshiftofwordstressmaychangethepartofspeechofwordsofthesamespelling.
tone声调maydistinguishthemeaningofwords.
intonation语调canshowtheimpliedmessage.
19.morpheme分类:
freemorpheme自由词素
boundmorpheme粘着词素
allomorph词素变体,-es,ies,-ren
derivationalmorpheme派生词素,如im,un,tele
inflectionalmorpheme曲折词素表现语法功能,如-ed,-ing,-s,-est
20.Category词的范畴referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguage,suchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.
Thelastandmorereliablecriterionofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.
21.coordinatestructures:
Aruleofgrammarthatstatethecompositionofacoordinatestructure.
22.Aphrasecontainspecifiers指示语andcomplements补语besidesthehead中心词。
23.synonymy同义referstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.同义词是synonyms
fivetypesofsynonymy:
1)dialectalsynonyms方言同义词synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects,如elevator与lift
2)stylisticsynonyms文体同义词synonymsdifferinginstyle如dad,daddy,father
3)synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning具有不同感情或评价意义的同义词
4)collocationalsynonyms搭配不同的同义词
5)semanticallydifferentsynonyms语义有轻微差别的同义词
synonymsthatdifferslightlyinmeaning.
24.polysemy一词多义meansthatthesameonewordhasmorethanonemeaning.
homonymy同形异义refertothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.
hyponymy上下义关系referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregenera,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.
上下义关系分为superordinate(thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaning)hyponyms(thewordwhichismorespecific)
25.antonymy反义antonyms反义词antonyms分为三类:
1)gradableantonyms分级反义词(中间可以有别的程度,比如large/small,cold/hot,wide/narrow,
2)complementaryantonyms互补性反义词(不是你就是我,literate/illiterate)
3)relationalopposites关系对立的反义词(buy/sell,wife/husband,north/south,above/below)
26.sense意义&reference语义(与语境有关)
Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform.
Referenceisconcernedwiththerealsituationofalinguisticform.
27.identifytherelationsbetweensentences.
1)XissynonymouswithY.近义关系,同义关系
IfXistrue,Yistrue;Xisfalse,Yisfalse.
2)XisinconsistentwithY.不相关关系.
IfXistrue,Yisfalse.IfXisfalse,Yistrue.
3)XentailsY.(YisanentailmentofX)包含关系
X:
HehasbeentoFrance.
Y:
HehasbeentoEuropean.
IfXistrue,Yisnecessarilytrue.
IfXisfalse,Ymaybetrueorfalse.
例如Helikesseafood.
Helikescrabs.
4)XpresupposesY(YisaprerequisiteofX)presupposition以……为前提
X:
John’sbikeneedsrepairing.
Y:
Johnhasabike.
IfXistrue,Ymustbetrue.
IfXisfalse,Yisstilltrue.
例如Tom’swifeispregnant.
Tomhasawife.
5)Xisacontradiction.
6)Xissemanticallyanomalous.
28.predictionanalysis(awaytoanalyzesentencemeaning)
述谓结构分析,Leech提出,写主语和谓语。
述谓结构分为argument变元(主语)和predicate谓词(谓语)
例如Itissnowing.(BESNOWING)
Thetreegrowswell.TREE(GROW)
Themansellsice-cream.MAN,ICE-CREAM(SELL)
29.componentialanalysis成分分析法awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning
例如father[+married][+male][+adult]
30.selectionalrestrictions选择限制制约,makethesentencesemanticallymeaningful.
如green不与cloud搭配用
31.speechacttheory言语行为理论(JohnAustin提出)分三种:
1)locutionaryact言内行为theactofutteringwords,phrasesandclauses.
2)illocutionary言外行为theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention
3)perlocutionaryact言后行为theactperformedbysayingsomething
32.fivetypesofillocutionaryspeechacts(美国Searle提出)
1)representatives:
statingordescribing阐述类
2)directives:
gettingthehearertodosomething指令类
3)commissives:
committingthespeakerhimselftodosomefuturecourseofaction承诺类
4)expressives:
expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate表达类
5)declarations:
bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsomething.宣告类
33.区分pragmatics与semantics(语义学,不研究语境中的使用,单纯表达意思)
Whetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.Ifitisnotconsidered,thestudyisconfinedtotheareaofsemantics.
34.culture
referstothearts,customs,andhabitsthatcharacterizeaparticularsocietyornation.
35.language&culture关系
Cultureinfluenceslanguagebywayofsymbolsandrulesforusingthosesymbols;languagehasamajorimpactonthewayanindividualperceivesandconceptualizestheworld.
36.learning&acquisition区别
Learningreferstoaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofthevocabularyandgrammarofalanguage,particularlythroughformalinstruction.
Acquisitionreferstothegradualdevelopmentofabilityinalanguagebyusingitnaturallyincommunicativesituations.
37.twokindsofmeaningsofanylinguisticsign:
denotativemeaning指示意义(不因文化语境而改变)
connotativemeaning内涵意义(如象征意义)
38.fourmaximsoftheCP?
1)themaximofquantity(makethecontributionasinformative)
数量准则,说话要不多不少,提供对方要求的信息就可以
2)themaximofquality(donotsaysomethingisfalse)质量准则,不说假话
3)themaximofrelation(berel