跨文化.docx

跨文化.docx

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跨文化

一、IntroductiontoInterculturalCommunication

Factorsofthedevelopmentofinterculturalcommunication

TechnologicalDevelopment

GlobalizationoftheEconomy

WidespreadPopulationMigration

二、thecharacteristicsofcultureis

①Holistic整体的

Culturecanbedividedintoseveralsubsystems

②Learned

Becausecultureis

1.asharedsymbolic象征的象征性的system

2.Theonlywayforgroupmemberstointegrate使一体化使整合into,reinforce,加固使结实&co-createthissharedsymbolicsystemisthroughalearningprocess.

3.Webegintolearnourcultureconsciously有意识的自觉地&unconsciously.未意识到的不知不觉的

4.Otherchannels通道suchasschools,newspaper,internetandart.

③Dynamic动态的

1.Culturesareconstantly不断地时常的changingovertime

2.Fourmajormechanisms机制accountfor说明导致引起thechangeofcultures

technologicalinvention发明

Disasters灾难

culturalcontacts联络

Environmental环境的factors

④Shared

Peoplewiththesamecultureshareideasandwaysofbehaving.同样的文化的人分享想法和行为。

⑤Pervasive普遍的扩大的

Culturepenetrates渗透intoeveryaspect方面ofourlife

Culturehasadirectinfluenceonthephysical,rational,神志清楚的理性的andperceptual知觉的有知觉的environment

⑥Created

Eachdifferentgrouporpopulationcreatesitsownwayoflife,withthevalues,norms,behaviors,andmaterial材料objects物体目标thattheyfeelbestfittheirsituation情况局面形势

三、WholeCultureandSubculture

Itstandsforthewholenation/peopleinonecountry.Itisthemainstream主流cultureofasociety.

vSubculturesare

variations变化ofthedominant占优势的统治的culturethatexistinasociety.sharedbyminority.少数少数民族ethnic种族的,regional地区的区域的,occupational,socialeconomical,经济的religious宗教的orgender-relatedinnature.

四、Componentsofculturalpatterns文化模式的组成部分

①Beliefs信仰

Beliefsareideasthatpeopleassume承担tobetrueabouttheworld.

②Values

valuesserveasguidingprinciplesinpeople’slives.

③Norms

Definition:

Sociallysharedexpectations希望ofappropriate适当的behaviors

Functions:

Toguidepeople’sinteractions,合作behaviors

Peopleareexpectedtobehaveaccordingtotheirculture’snorms.

④Socialpractices

Definition:

thepredictable可预见的behaviorpatterns榜样thatmembersofaculturetypicallyfollow一种文化成员通常遵循可预知的行为模式

Itisunnecessary不必要的tofollowthe“typical”socialpracticesalltheway.

Eachpersondiffersinuniqueandsignificant重要的有意义的ways在独特而重要的方面每个人不同

五、activityorientation方向趋向

Types

Being

Becoming

Doing

Characteristics

Accept承认fate命运宿命

Allisinevitable不可避免的

noclear-cutseparationbetweenwork&play

Changeoneselfaschangingtheworld

noclear-cutseparationbetweenwork&play

Fighton,workhard,nevergiveup

focusonwhatpeopledo&howtheysolveproblems

Typicalcountries

AfricanAmerican&Greekcultures

NativeAmericans,Chinese,SouthAmericans

EuropeanAmericans

六、SocialRelationsOrientation

Describeshowpeopleinacultureorganizethemselvesandrelatetoeachother

Canrangefromonethatemphasizesdifferencesandsocialhierarchy一个强调差异和社会等级

toonethatstrivesforequalityandtheabsenceofhierarchy.一个争取平等但缺乏层次结构

七、TimeOrientation

Timeorientationconcernshowpeopleconceptualizetime.

Future-oriented（e.g.EuropeanAmericans）

Present-oriented（e.g.NativeAmericansandLatinos）

Past-oriented（e.g.JapaneseandChinese）

八、Self-Orientation

①Peopleareinherentlygood,theymustbeprotectedfromexposuretocorruptinginfluence.

②Theybelievetheselfislocatedsolelywithintheindividual,andtheindividualisdefinitelyseparatefromothers.Fromaveryyoungage,childrenareencouragedtomaketheirowndecisions.Individualsmustsettheirowngoalsandidentifythemeansnecessarytoachievethem.Innovationandnewideas,ratherthanthewisdomofthepast,areregardedasimportant.

EuropeanAmericansveneratetheinnovator,andthepersonwhotriessomethingnew.创新和新的想法,

Chap3

九、Individualism

①．ConnotationofIndividualism:

theindividualisthesinglemostimportantunitinanysocialsetting在任何社交场合个人是最重要的单一单位

independenceisstressed强调独立

individualachievementisrewarded奖励个人成就

theuniquenessofeachindividualisofprimevalue

②．1.Self-control,self-esteem,self-reliance,self-confidence,self-denial,self-respect

2.Liberaltheme:

equalrights&equalopportunities

3.Liberalprinciples---coreoftheAmericanculturalfeature.

4.“I”culture---individualsareemphasized

5.Freedom---tocontroltheirowndestiny

6．TheAmericanpeoplebelievethatcompetitionandthedesiretotryandwinarehealthyanddesirable.

7.Materialwealthisthemostwidelyacceptedtomeasurestatus.

8.Socialrelationsarebasedontheautonomyofeachperson

9.EachpersoninAmericahashisprivacyandseeksforthefreedomofprivacyanddifference

10.Americanshaveaspecialfeelingaboutjobs,definingselfandothersbyoccupation

11.Americansalwaystrytobebest,goaheadandindependent.Theytrytocreatechancesinsteadofwaitingforchances.

十、Collectivism

Definition:

thebroadvaluetendenciesofacultureinemphasizingtheimportanceofthe“we”identityoverthe“I”identity,身份个性grouprightsoverindividualrights,andin-group-orientedneedsoverindividualwantsanddesires.广泛的文化价值的倾向，强调“我们”的身份，团体对个人权利的权利，集团化的需求，“我们”的身份的重要性。

十一、

HomogeneityisthecorevalueofJapanesesociety同一性是日本社会的核心价值

十二、Individualist-CollectivistPriorities个人主义，集体主义的优先事项

Individualism

Collectivism

1.Freedom

1.Belonging

2.Independence

2.Groupharmony和谐

3.Self-reliance依靠

3.Collectiveness

4.Equality

4.Age/Seniority

5.Competition

5.Cooperation

6.Efficiency效率

6.Quality

7.Time

7.Patience

8.Directness

8.Indirectness

9.Openness

9.Go-between

十三、

Itreferstocommunicationpatternsofdirectverbalmode—straighttalk,nonverbalimmediacy直接及时,andsender-orientedvalues.

Low-contextcommunicatorswouldspeaktheirmindsandtellthetruthandbeopenandprecise清晰地准确的withothers.

十四、

Itreferstocommunicationpatternsofindirectverbaltalkandnonverbalsubtleties.细微巧妙

Chap4

十五、Naturalenvironment

Mountainsorflatterrain山区或地势平坦

Barrenorfertileland瘠或肥沃的土地

Availabilityofresources资源的可用性

十六、

⏹Royalpalaceandfolk民族家属housesharethesamestyle.Theyaresymmetrical（对称）,regular,cyclic（环形）.

⏹Chineseareconservative.（保守）

⏹Chinesethinkhighlyoftraditionsandrules.

Foreignersaregenerallyopeninmind,whileChineseareconsideredkindofconservative守旧的人保守党andcloseinmind.

十七、MonochromicTimeOrientation

Timeisexperiencedandusedinalinearway

Peoplemarchtimefromthepastintothefuture.

Timecanbesaved,killed,dividedandevenbought.

十八、PolychromaticTimeOrientation

Peopletreattimeinaholisticway.。

Peopletendtoengage从事使从事inseveralactivitiesatthesametime.。

Thesenseoftimeorpunctuality正确规矩isslim.

Chap5

十九、10components成分

二十、Characteristicsofcommunication

Symbolic（符号的）Interpretive（理解的）Transactional（互动的）Contextual（语境的）Dynamic（动态的）

二十一、CommunicationisContextual沟通是语境

Acommunicationthattakesplacewithinasettingorsituationiscalledacontext.被称为上下文。

ThecontextincludesthePhysical;Social;andInterpersonalsettings.上下文包括物理，社会及人际设置。

Chap6

二十二、DenotationandConnotation

Denotation:

theconceptual观念的meaningorlinguistic语言的语法学的meaningorliteralmeaningofthewordthatdesignates指出ordescribesthings,eventsorprocesses过程,etc.Itistheprimary,explicit明确的meaninggiveninthedefinitionofawordinadictionary.外延：

概念性的含义或语言意义或字面意思，指定或介绍事物，事件或过程等，是首要的，明确的含义，在字典中的单词的定义。

Connotation内涵含义:

theemotional易动感情的orstylistic文体的体裁上的associations经济联合联想thatawordorphrase短语suggestsinone'smind.内涵：

一个单词或词组，表明一个人的头脑中的情绪或文体组织。

Chap7

二十三Functionsofnonverbalcommunication

NonverbalmessagescanSubstitute代替替换forverbal言语的口头的messages

Amplify放大ortonedown使温和一些averbalmessage

Nonverbalsymbolscancommunicateutilitarian功利的实用的messages

Emphasize强调着重feelingsoremotions

Controlotherperson’sbehaviors

Convey传达somemessagesthatareawkwardordifficulttoexpressinwords

Nonverbalcommunicationcanregulate调节控制&manage使用完成ourcommunication

二十四、

Thumbs-up：

theChinese:

“excellent”or“numberone”;;

TheJapanese:

boss,father,orhusband;、

NorthAmericans:

“Okay”or“righton”.

TheMiddleEast:

anobscenegesture

Gesture“zero”

NorthAmericans:

everythingisperfect

Japanese:

money

TheFrench:

someoneisa“zero,”or“nothing”.

MaltaandGreece:

aninsult侮辱凌辱

Brazil:

anobscene可憎的gesture手势