当代研究生英语下册课文原文教学提纲.docx

当代研究生英语下册课文原文教学提纲.docx

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当代研究生英语下册课文原文教学提纲

当代研究生英语下册课文原文

UNIT1PASSAGESOFHUMANGROWTH（I）

1Aperson’slifeatanygiventimeincorporatesbothexternalandinternalaspects.Theexternalsystemiscomposedofourmembershipsintheculture:

ourjob,socialclass,familyandsocialroles,howwepresentourselvestoandparticipateintheworld.Theinteriorrealmconcernsthemeaningsthisparticipationhasforeachofus.Inwhatwaysareourvalues,goals,andaspirationsbeinginvigoratedorviolatedbyourpresentlifesystem?

Howmanypartsofourpersonalitycanweliveout,andwhatpartsarewesuppressing?

Howdowefeelaboutourwayoflivingintheworldatanygiventime?

2Theinnerrealmiswherethecrucialshiftsinbedrockbegintothrowapersonoffbalance,signalingthenecessitytochangeandmoveontoanewfootinginthenextstageofdevelopment.Thesecrucialshiftsoccurthroughoutlife,yetpeopleconsistentlyrefusetorecognizethattheypossessaninternallifesystem.Askanyonewhoseemsdown,“Whyareyoufeelinglow?

”Mostwilldisplacetheinnermessageontoamarkerevent:

“I’vebeendownsincewemoved,sinceIchangedjobs,sincemywifewentbacktograduateschoolandturnedintoadamnsocialworkerinsackcloth,”andsoon.Probablylessthantenpercentwouldsay:

“Thereissomeunknowndisturbancewithinme,andeventhoughit’spainful,IfeelIhavetostaywithitandrideitout.”Evenfewerpeoplewouldbeabletoexplainthattheturbulencetheyfeelmayhavenoexternalcause.Andyetitmaynotresolveitselfforseveralyears.

3Duringeachofthesepassages,howwefeelaboutourwayoflivingwillundergosubtlechangesinfourareasofperception.Oneistheinteriorsenseofselfinrelationtoothers.Asecondistheproportionofsafenesstodangerwefeelinourlives.Athirdisourperceptionoftime—dowehaveplentyofit,orarewebeginningtofeelthattimeisrunningout?

Last,therewillbesomeshiftatthegutlevelinoursenseofalivenessorstagnation.Thesearethehazysensationsthatcomposethebackgroundtoneoflivingandshapethedecisionsonwhichwetakeaction.

4Theworkofadultlifeisnoteasy.Asinchildhood,eachsteppresentsnotonlynewtasksofdevelopmentbutrequiresalettinggoofthetechniquesthatworkedbefore.Witheachpassagesomemagicmustbegivenup,somecherishedillusionofsafetyandcomfortablyfamiliarsenseofselfmustbecastoff,toallowforthegreaterexpansionofourowndistinctiveness.

 PullingUpRoots

5Before18,themottoisloudandclear:

“Ihavetogetawayfrommyparents.”Butthewordsareseldomconnectedtoaction.Generallystillsafelypartofourfamilies,evenifawayatschool,wefeelourautonomytobesubjecttoerosionfrommomenttomoment.

6After18,webeginPullingUpRootsinearnest.College,militaryservice,andshort-termtravelsareallcustomaryvehiclesoursocietyprovidesforthefirstroundtripsbetweenfamilyandabaseofone’sown.Intheattempttoseparateourviewoftheworldfromourfamily’sview,despitevigorousprotestationstothecontrary—“IknowexactlywhatIwant!

”—wecastaboutforanybeliefswecancallourown.Andintheprocessoftestingthosebeliefsweareoftendrawntofads,preferablythosemostmysteriousandinaccessibletoourparents.

7Whatevertentativemembershipswetryoutintheworld,thefearhauntsusthatwearereallykidswhocannottakecareofourselves.Wecoverthatfearwithactsofdefianceandmimickedconfidence.Foralliestoreplaceourparents,weturntoourcontemporaries.Theybecomeconspirators.Solongastheirperspectivemesheswithourown,theyareabletosubstituteforthesanctuaryofthefamily.Butthatdoesn’tlastverylong.Andtheinstanttheydivergefromtheshakyidealsof“ourgroup”,theyareseenasbetrayers.Reboundstothefamilyarecommonbetweentheagesof18and22.

8Thetasksofthispassagearetolocateourselvesinapeergrouprole,asexrole,ananticipatedoccupation,anideologyorworldview.Asaresult,wegathertheimpetustoleavehomephysicallyandtheidentitytobeginleavinghomeemotionally.

9Evenasonepartofusseekstobeanindividual,anotherpartlongstorestorethesafetyandcomfortofmergingwithanother.Thusoneofthemostpopularmythsofthispassageis:

WecanpiggybackourdevelopmentbyattachingtoaStrongerOne.Butpeoplewhomarryduringthistimeoftenprolongfinancialandemotionaltiestothefamilyandrelativesthatimpedethemfrombecomingself-sufficient.

10AstormypassagethroughthePullingUpRootsyearswillprobablyfacilitatethenormalprogressionoftheadultlifecycle.Ifonedoesn’thaveanidentitycrisisatthispoint,itwilleruptduringalatertransition,whenthepenaltiesmaybehardertobear.

TheTryingTwenties

11TheTryingTwentiesconfrontuswiththequestionofhowtotakeholdintheadultworld.Ourfocusshiftsfromtheinteriorturmoilsoflateadolescence—“WhoamI?

”“Whatistruth?

”—andwebecomealmosttotallypreoccupiedwithworkingouttheexternals.“HowdoIputmyaspirationsintoeffect?

”“Whatisthebestwaytostart?

”“WheredoIgo?

”“Whocanhelpme?

”“Howdidyoudoit?

”

12Inthisperiod,whichislongerandmorestablecomparedwiththepassagethatleadstoit,thetasksareasenormousastheyareexhilarating:

ToshapeaDream,thatvisionofourselveswhichwillgenerateenergy,aliveness,andhope.Toprepareforalifework.Tofindamentorifpossible.Andtoformthecapacityforintimacy,withoutlosingintheprocesswhateverconsistencyofselfwehavethusfarmustered.Thefirstteststructuremustbeerectedaroundthelifewechoosetotry.

13Doingwhatwe“should”isthemostpervasivethemeofthetwenties.The“shoulds”arelargelydefinedbyfamilymodels,thepressoftheculture,ortheprejudicesofourpeers.Iftheprevailingculturalinstructionsarethatoneshouldgetmarriedandsettledownbehindone’sowndoor,anuclearfamilyisborn.

14Oneoftheterrifyingaspectsofthetwentiesistheinnerconvictionthatthechoiceswemakeareirrevocable.Itislargelyafalsefear.Changeisquitepossible,andsomealterationofouroriginalchoicesisprobablyinevitable.

15Twoimpulses,asalways,areatwork.Oneistobuildafirm,safestructureforthefuturebymakingstrongcommitments,to“beset”.Yetpeoplewhoslipintoaready-madeformwithoutmuchself-examinationarelikelytofindthemselveslockedin.

16Theotherurgeistoexploreandexperiment,keepinganystructuretentativeandthereforeeasilyreversible.Takentotheextreme,thesearepeoplewhoskipfromonetrialjobandonelimitedpersonalencountertoanother,spendingtheirtwentiesinthetransientstate.

17Althoughthechoicesofourtwentiesarenotirrevocable,theydosetinmotionaLifePattern.Someofusfollowthelocked-inpattern,othersthetransientpattern,thewunderkindpattern,thecaregiverpattern,andthereareanumberofothers.Suchpatternsstronglyinfluencetheparticularquestionsraisedforeachpersonduringeachpassagethroughthelife.

18Buoyedbypowerfulillusionsandbeliefinthepowerofthewill,wecommonlyinsistinourtwentiesthatwhatwehavechosentodoistheonetruecourseinlife.Ourbacksgoupatthemeresthintthatwearelikeourparents,thattwodecadesofparentaltrainingmightbereflectedinourcurrentactionsandattitudes.

19“Notme,”isthemotto,“I’mdifferent.”

UNIT2AIDSINTHETHIRDWORLDAGLOBALDISASTER

1InrichcountriesAIDSisnolongeradeathsentence.ExpensivedrugskeepHIV-positivepatientsaliveandhealthy,perhapsindefinitely.Loudpublic-awarenesscampaignskeepthenumberofinfectedAmericans,JapaneseandWestEuropeanstorelativelylowlevels.Thesenseofcrisisispast.

2Indevelopingcountries,bycontrast,thediseaseisspreadinglikenervegasinagentlebreeze.Thepoorcannotaffordtospend$10,000ayearonwonderpills.MillionsofAfricansaredying.Inthelongerterm,evengreaternumbersofAsiansareatrisk.Formanypoorcountries,thereisnogreaterormoreimmediatethreattopublichealthandeconomicgrowth.Yetfewpoliticalleaderstreatitasapriority.

3SinceHIVwasfirstidentifiedinthe1970s,over47millionpeoplehavebeeninfected,ofwhom14millionhavedied.Lastyearsawthebiggestannualdeathtollyet:

2.5million.Thediseasenowranksfourthamongtheworld’sbigkillers,afterrespiratoryinfections,diarrheadisordersandtuberculosis.Itnowclaimsmanymoreliveseachyearthanmalaria,agrowingmenace,andisstillnowherenearitspeak.IfIndiaandotherAsiancountriesdonottakeitseriously,thenumberofinfectionscouldreach“aneworderofmagnitude”,saysPeterPiot,headoftheUN’sAIDSprogramme.

4Thehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus（HIV）,whichcausesacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome（AIDS）,isthoughttohavecrossedfromchimpanzeestohumansinthelate1940sorearly1950sinCongo.IttookseveralyearsforthevirustobreakoutofCongo’sdenseandsparselypopulatedjunglesbut,onceitdid,itmarchedwithrebelarmiesthroughthecontinent’snumerouswarzones,rodewithtruckersfromonerest-stopbrotheltothenext,andeventuallyflew,perhapswithanairsteward,toAmerica,whereitwasdiscoveredintheearly1980s.AsAmericanhomosexualsanddruginfectorsstartedtowakeuptothedangersofbath-housesandneedle-sharing,AIDSwasalreadydevastatingAfrica.

5Sofar,theworst-hitareasareeastandsouthernAfrica.InBotswana,Namibia,SwazilandandZimbabwe,betweenafifthandaquarterofpeopleaged15-49areafflictedwithHIVorAIDS.InBotswana,childrenbornearlyinthenextdecadewillhavealifeexpecta