当代研究生英语下册课文原文教学提纲.docx

1、当代研究生英语下册课文原文教学提纲当代研究生英语下册课文原文UNIT 1 PASSAGES OF HUMAN GROWTH (I) 1 A persons life at any given time incorporates both external and internal aspects. The external system is composed of our memberships in the culture: our job, social class, family and social roles, how we present ourselves to and par

2、ticipate in the world. The interior realm concerns the meanings this participation has for each of us. In what ways are our values, goals, and aspirations being invigorated or violated by our present life system? How many parts of our personality can we live out, and what parts are we suppressing? H

3、ow do we feel about our way of living in the world at any given time? 2 The inner realm is where the crucial shifts in bedrock begin to throw a person off balance, signaling the necessity to change and move on to a new footing in the next stage of development. These crucial shifts occur throughout l

4、ife, yet people consistently refuse to recognize that they possess an internal life system. Ask anyone who seems down, “Why are you feeling low?” Most will displace the inner message onto a marker event: “Ive been down since we moved, since I changed jobs, since my wife went back to graduate school

5、and turned into a damn social worker in sackcloth,” and so on. Probably less than ten percent would say: “There is some unknown disturbance within me, and even though its painful, I feel I have to stay with it and ride it out.” Even fewer people would be able to explain that the turbulence they feel

6、 may have no external cause. And yet it may not resolve itself for several years. 3 During each of these passages, how we feel about our way of living will undergo subtle changes in four areas of perception. One is the interior sense of self in relation to others. A second is the proportion of safen

7、ess to danger we feel in our lives. A third is our perception of timedo we have plenty of it, or are we beginning to feel that time is running out? Last, there will be some shift at the gut level in our sense of aliveness or stagnation. These are the hazy sensations that compose the background tone

8、of living and shape the decisions on which we take action. 4 The work of adult life is not easy. As in childhood, each step presents not only new tasks of development but requires a letting go of the techniques that worked before. With each passage some magic must be given up, some cherished illusio

9、n of safety and comfortably familiar sense of self must be cast off, to allow for the greater expansion of our own distinctiveness. Pulling Up Roots 5 Before 18, the motto is loud and clear: “I have to get away from my parents.” But the words are seldom connected to action. Generally still safely pa

10、rt of our families, even if away at school, we feel our autonomy to be subject to erosion from moment to moment. 6 After 18, we begin Pulling Up Roots in earnest. College, military service, and short-term travels are all customary vehicles our society provides for the first round trips between famil

11、y and a base of ones own. In the attempt to separate our view of the world from our familys view, despite vigorous protestations to the contrary“I know exactly what I want!” we cast about for any beliefs we can call our own. And in the process of testing those beliefs we are often drawn to fads, pre

12、ferably those most mysterious and inaccessible to our parents. 7 Whatever tentative memberships we try out in the world, the fear haunts us that we are really kids who cannot take care of ourselves. We cover that fear with acts of defiance and mimicked confidence. For allies to replace our parents,

13、we turn to our contemporaries. They become conspirators. So long as their perspective meshes with our own, they are able to substitute for the sanctuary of the family. But that doesnt last very long. And the instant they diverge from the shaky ideals of “our group”, they are seen as betrayers. Rebou

14、nds to the family are common between the ages of 18 and 22. 8 The tasks of this passage are to locate ourselves in a peer group role, a sex role, an anticipated occupation, an ideology or world view. As a result, we gather the impetus to leave home physically and the identity to begin leaving home e

15、motionally. 9 Even as one part of us seeks to be an individual, another part longs to restore the safety and comfort of merging with another. Thus one of the most popular myths of this passage is: We can piggyback our development by attaching to a Stronger One. But people who marry during this time

16、often prolong financial and emotional ties to the family and relatives that impede them from becoming self-sufficient. 10 A stormy passage through the Pulling Up Roots years will probably facilitate the normal progression of the adult life cycle. If one doesnt have an identity crisis at this point,

17、it will erupt during a later transition, when the penalties may be harder to bear. The Trying Twenties11 The Trying Twenties confront us with the question of how to take hold in the adult world. Our focus shifts from the interior turmoils of late adolescence“Who am I?” “What is truth?”and we become

18、almost totally preoccupied with working out the externals. “How do I put my aspirations into effect?” “What is the best way to start?” “Where do I go?” “Who can help me?” “How did you do it?”12 In this period, which is longer and more stable compared with the passage that leads to it, the tasks are

19、as enormous as they are exhilarating: To shape a Dream, that vision of ourselves which will generate energy, aliveness, and hope. To prepare for a lifework. To find a mentor if possible. And to form the capacity for intimacy, without losing in the process whatever consistency of self we have thus fa

20、r mustered. The first test structure must be erected around the life we choose to try. 13 Doing what we “should” is the most pervasive theme of the twenties. The “shoulds” are largely defined by family models, the press of the culture, or the prejudices of our peers. If the prevailing cultural instr

21、uctions are that one should get married and settle down behind ones own door, a nuclear family is born. 14 One of the terrifying aspects of the twenties is the inner conviction that the choices we make are irrevocable. It is largely a false fear. Change is quite possible, and some alteration of our

22、original choices is probably inevitable. 15 Two impulses, as always, are at work. One is to build a firm, safe structure for the future by making strong commitments, to “be set”. Yet people who slip into a ready-made form without much self-examination are likely to find themselves locked in. 16 The

23、other urge is to explore and experiment, keeping any structure tentative and therefore easily reversible. Taken to the extreme, these are people who skip from one trial job and one limited personal encounter to another, spending their twenties in the transient state. 17 Although the choices of our t

24、wenties are not irrevocable, they do set in motion a Life Pattern. Some of us follow the locked-in pattern, others the transient pattern, the wunderkind pattern, the caregiver pattern, and there are a number of others. Such patterns strongly influence the particular questions raised for each person

25、during each passage through the life. 18 Buoyed by powerful illusions and belief in the power of the will, we commonly insist in our twenties that what we have chosen to do is the one true course in life. Our backs go up at the merest hint that we are like our parents, that two decades of parental t

26、raining might be reflected in our current actions and attitudes. 19 “Not me,” is the motto, “Im different.”UNIT 2 AIDS IN THE THIRD WORLD A GLOBAL DISASTER1 In rich countries AIDS is no longer a death sentence. Expensive drugs keep HIV-positive patients alive and healthy, perhaps indefinitely. Loud

27、public-awareness campaigns keep the number of infected Americans, Japanese and West Europeans to relatively low levels. The sense of crisis is past. 2 In developing countries, by contrast, the disease is spreading like nerve gas in a gentle breeze. The poor cannot afford to spend $10,000 a year on w

28、onder pills. Millions of Africans are dying. In the longer term, even greater numbers of Asians are at risk. For many poor countries, there is no greater or more immediate threat to public health and economic growth. Yet few political leaders treat it as a priority. 3 Since HIV was first identified

29、in the 1970s, over 47 million people have been infected, of whom 14 million have died. Last year saw the biggest annual death toll yet: 2.5 million. The disease now ranks fourth among the worlds big killers, after respiratory infections, diarrhea disorders and tuberculosis. It now claims many more l

30、ives each year than malaria, a growing menace, and is still nowhere near its peak. If India and other Asian countries do not take it seriously, the number of infections could reach “a new order of magnitude”, says Peter Piot, head of the UNs AIDS programme. 4 The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),

31、which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is thought to have crossed from chimpanzees to humans in the late 1940s or early 1950s in Congo. It took several years for the virus to break out of Congos dense and sparsely populated jungles but, once it did, it marched with rebel armies thr

32、ough the continents numerous war zones, rode with truckers from one rest-stop brothel to the next, and eventually flew, perhaps with an air steward, to America, where it was discovered in the early 1980s. As American homosexuals and drug infectors started to wake up to the dangers of bath-houses and

33、 needle-sharing, AIDS was already devastating Africa. 5 So far, the worst-hit areas are east and southern Africa. In Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, between a fifth and a quarter of people aged 15-49 are afflicted with HIV or AIDS. In Botswana, children born early in the next decade will have a life expecta