对全球价值链的投入如何影响产业集群的升级外文翻译.docx

对全球价值链的投入如何影响产业集群的升级外文翻译.docx

《对全球价值链的投入如何影响产业集群的升级外文翻译.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《对全球价值链的投入如何影响产业集群的升级外文翻译.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

对全球价值链的投入如何影响产业集群的升级外文翻译

本科毕业论文外文翻译

外文题目：

HowDoesInsertionInGlobalValueChinsAffectUpgradingInIndustrialClusters

出处：

InstituteofDevelopmentStudies,UniversityofSussex,BrightonBN19RE,UK.

作者：

JohnHumphreyandHubertSchmitz

原文：

Howdoesinsertioninglobalvaluechainsaffectupgradinginindustrialclusters?

Whatisthescopeforlocalupgradingstrategieswhereproducersoperateinglobalvaluechains?

Theliteratureonindustrialclustersemphasisestheroleofinter-firmco-operationandlocalinstitutionsinenablingupgrading.Thevaluechainliteraturefocusesontheroleofglobalbuyersandchaingovernanceindefiningupgradingopportunities.Thispaperarguesthatclustersareinsertedintoglobalvaluechainsindifferentways,andthatthishasconsequencesforenablingordisablinglocal-levelupgradingefforts.Itpaysparticularattentiontothepositionofdevelopingcountryfirmssellingtolarge,globalbuyers.

Keywords:

clusters,valuechains,competitiveness,upgrading,developingcountries

1Introduction

Firmsindevelopingcountries,incommonwithfirmseverywhere,areunderpressuretoimprovetheirperformanceandincreasetheircompetitiveness.New,low-costproducersareenteringglobalmarkets,intensifyingcompetitioninmarketsforlabour-intensivemanufactures.Howcanfirmsindevelopingcountriesrespondtothistypeofchallengewhileatthesametimemaintainingreturnstobothlabourandcapitalfromengagingintrade?

Theliteratureoncompetitivenesssuggeststhatthemostviableresponseisto‘upgrade’-tomakebetterproducts,makethemmoreefficiently,ormoveintomoreskilledactivities（PORTER,1990;KAPLINSKY,2000）.

Severalschoolsofthoughthaveemphasisedthelocaldeterminantsofcompetitiveness,includingthe‘neweconomicgeography’,businessstudies,regionalscienceandinnovationstudies.Notonlyissomeofthisliteratureoptimisticaboutthepossibilityofstrengtheningcompetitivenessthroughlocalorregionalindustrialpolicy（e.g.COOKEandMORGAN,1998;PYKE,1992）,butithasalsobeenarguedthatinaglobalisingeconomytheonlyenduringbasisforcompetitiveadvantagewillbelocalisedandbasedontacitknowledge:

"theformationoftheworldmarket...increasestheimportanceofheterogeneous,localisedcapabilitiesforbuildingfirm-specificcompetences"（MASKELLandMALMBERG,1999:

172）.Theanalysisofindustrialclustersindevelopingcountriesbuildsontheseperspectives,focusingontheroleoflocallinkagesingeneratingcompetitiveadvantageinlabour-intensiveexportindustriessuchasfootwearandgarments.However,theseproductsarepreciselytheonesinwhichglobalbuyers（whetheragents,retailersorbrand-namecompanies）havecometoplayanincreasinglyimportantroleintheorganisationofglobalproductionanddistributionsystems.Oneofthemainliteratureswhichanalysesthesesystems,globalvaluechainresearch,2takesaverydifferentapproachtothequestionofupgrading,emphasisingcross-borderlinkagesbetweenfirmsinglobalproductionanddistributionsystemsratherthanlocallinkages（GEREFFIandKORZENIEWICZ,1994;GEREFFIandKAPLINSKY,2001）.

Howcanthesetwoliteraturesbereconciled?

Oneemphasisestheimportanceoflocallinkagesandtheothergloballinkages.Clearlythereisaneedtobringthesetwoperspectivestogether,particularlyinthecaseofexportorientedclustersthatareinsertedintoglobalvaluechains.Thispaperprovidesameansofdoingthis.

Thequestionwhichdrivesthispaperishowinsertionintoglobalvaluechainsaffectslocalupgradingstrategies.Inordertoanswerthisquestionwedistinguishbetweendifferenttypesofupgradinganddifferenttypesofchains.Forthelatter,wefocusonthewaythechainisco-ordinated.Thepapersuggeststhatthereisacontinuumfromarm's-lengthmarketrelationshipsthroughtohierarchicalgovernance（verticalintegration）.Inbetween,therearetwoparticularlyimportanttypesofco-ordinationofglobalvaluechains:

networksbringingtogetherpartnerswithcomplementarycompetences,andquasihierarchyinwhichthereisasymmetryofcompetenceandpowerinfavourofoneparty（frequentlytheglobalbuyer）.Thepaperpaysparticularattentiontothequasi-hierarchicalformofchaingovernance,explainingwhyitiscommoninsourcingfromdevelopingcountriesandhowitaffectstheupgradingoflocalfirms.

Wecametothisquestionthroughourresearchonclustersindevelopingcountrieswhereproducersfoundthemselvesinasymmetricalrelationshipswiththeircustomers.Theseproducerswerefacingpowerfulglobalbuyerswhohadamajorinfluencenotjustonsalesbutalsoonthetypeofupgradingstrategiesopentothem.Sincethen,wefoundthatthisissueisnotconfinedtodevelopingcountryclusters.Rabellotti（2001）findsasimilarproblemfacingshoeproducersinItaly.

Whyisthereaproblem?

Whyisitimportanttoaskhowinsertionintoglobalvaluechainsaffectsupgradinginthecluster?

Boththeclusterliteratureandtheglobalvaluechainresearchemphasisethatinteractioniscentraltoupgrading,butonegivesprimeimportancetotheinteractionwithlocalfirmsandinstitutionsandtheotheraccordsprimeimportancetotheinteractionwiththeglobalbuyers.Ifthiswasjustamatterofdifferentemphasesitwouldbeeasytobringtogetherthetwoapproachesandsimplyregardthemascomplementary.However,thefusionisfarfromstraightforwardbecausetheinteractionwiththeglobalbuyertendstotakeplaceinthecontextofaveryunevenrelationship.Thisinequalitytransformsrelationshipsandupgradingtrajectories.Aswillbeshowninthecourseofthepaper,localproducersworkingforglobalbuyersenjoyconsiderableadvantagesinsometypesofupgradingbutencounterbarriersinothertypes.Thepaperalsoaskswhetherthesebarriersarepermanentanddiscusseshowtheycanbeovercome.

Thispaperisdividedintothreefurthersections.Section2discussesthetreatmentofupgradingintheclusterandvaluechainliteratures.Section3distinguishesbetweendifferentformsofgovernanceinglobalvaluechainsandanalyseswhytheyarise.Section4considershowthedifferenttypesofglobalvaluechainsaffecttheupgradinginindustrialclusters,payingparticularlyattentiontohowrelationshipsandupgradingprospectschangeovertime.

2Upgradinginclustersandvaluechains

Withthedeepeningintegrationofdevelopingcountriesintoglobalmarkets,firmsinthesecountriesfaceincreasingcompetitivepressure.Forproducerstomaintainorincreaseincomesinthefaceofthispressure,theymusteitherincreasetheskillcontentoftheiractivitiesand/ormoveintomarketnicheswhichhaveentrybarriersandarethereforeinsulatedtosomeextentfromthesepressures.Werefertosuchshiftsinactivitiesasupgrading.

Boththeclusterandvaluechainapproachesemphasisetheimportanceofupgradinginordertofaceincreasingcompetitioninglobalmarkets.Similarly,bothemphasisetheroleplayedbygovernanceinupgrading,usingthetermgovernancetodenoteco-ordinationofeconomicactivitiesthroughnon-marketrelationships.Governanceisparticularlyimportantforthegeneration,transferanddiffusionofknowledgeleadingtoinnovation,whichenablesfirmstoimprovetheirperformance.However,thetwoapproachesseegovernanceoperatingatquitedistinctloci,withquitedistinctimplicationsforlearningwithinclustersorchainsandupgradingopportunitiesforfirmsindevelopingcountries.

3Valuechaingovernance

Globalvaluechainanalysisisconcernedwithhowglobalproductionanddistributionsystemsareorganised.Theseinvolverecurrenttransactionsbetweenvariousfirms.Howsuchtransactionsmightbeorganisedhasbeenaddressedbytransactioncostseconomics（see,forexample,WILLIAMSON,1975;WILLIAMSON,1979）.Insituationscharacterisedbyuncertainty,boundedrationality（informationmaynotbeavailable,oronlyacquiredatacertaincost）anddifferencesofinterestbetweeneconomicagents,co-ordinationarrangementshavetobecreatedwhichminimisetotalproductionandtransactioncosts.Thekeyquestionsforco-ordinationare:

Whatistobeproduced.Thisinvolvesthedesignofproducts,bothinbroadconceptionanddetailedspecifications.

Howitistobeproduced.Thisinvolvesthedefinitionofproductionprocesses,whichcanincludeelementssuchasthetechnologytobeused,qualitysystems,labourstandardsandenvironmentalstandards.

Physicalproductflow:

howmuchistobeproduced,when,andhowtheflowofproductalongthechainistobehandled.

Thetransactioncostsliteratureidentifiesmarketandhierarchyastwocommonco-ordinationarrangements.Marketsareparticularlyeffectiveforstandardproducts.Co-ordinationrequirementsbetweendifferentpointsinthechainarelow,valuationoftheproductandmonitoringofsupplierperformanceisrelativelyeasy,andeconomiesofscalearelikelytobesignificant.Buyerandsuppliermaintainarm’slengthmarketrelations.Thisimpliesthattheproductis（a）standard,orcanbecustomisedeasily,or（b）ismadefromdrawingsprovidedbythebuyer（ineffect,purchasingtheproducer'sstandardproductionskills）.Thisfurtherimpliesthatthebuyer'srequirementscouldbemetbyarangeoffirms.Ifparticularprocesscapabilitiesorproceduresarerequired,theyaremetthroughtheapplicationofnon-transactionspecificstandards,frequentlyverifiedbyindependentcertification.Asproductsbecomemorecustomisedtotheneedsofparticularbuyers,orwhenitbecomesdifficulttomonitortheperformanceofthesupplierortovaluetheproductbeingsupplied,transactioncostsincrease.Costsincreaseasbuyerandsellerneedtointeractmoreclos