英国文学诗歌术语 解释.docx

英国文学诗歌术语 解释.docx

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英国文学诗歌术语解释

AGlossaryofPoeticTerms

Accent（重音）Anotherwordforstress.Theemphasisplacedonasyllable.Accentisfrequentlyusedtodenotestressindescribingverse.

Aestheticism（唯美主义）Aliterarymovementinthe19thcenturyofthosewhobelievedin“artforart’ssake”inoppositiontotheutilitariandoctrinethateverythingmustbemorallyorpracticallyuseful.KeyfiguresoftheaestheticmovementwereWalterPaterandOscarWilde.

Alexandrine（亚历山大诗体）ThemostcommonmeterinFrenchpoetrysincethe16thcentury:

alineoftwelvesyllables.ThenearestEnglishequivalentisiambichexameter.TheAlexandrinebeingalongline,itisoftendividedinthemiddlebyapauseorcaesuraintotwosymmetricalhalvescalledhemistiches.AlexanderPope’s“EssayonCriticism”offersatypicalexample.

Allegory（讽喻）Apatternofreferenceintheworkwhichevokesaparallelactionofabstractideas.Usuallyallegoryusesrecognizabletypes,symbolsandnarrativepatternstoindicatethatthemeaningofthetextistobefoundnotintherepresentedworkbutinabodyoftraditionalthought,orinanextra-literarycontext.RrepresentativeworksareEdmundSpenser’sTheFaerieQueene,JohnBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgress.

Alliteration（头韵）Arhyme-patternproducedinsidethepoeticlinebyrepeatingconsonantalsoundsatthebeginningofwords.Itisalsocalledinitialrhyme.

Allusion（引喻）Apassingreferenceinaworkofliteraturetosomethingoutsideitself.Awritermayalludetolegends,historicalfactsorpersonages,tootherworksofliterature,oreventoautobiographicaldetails.Literaryallusionrequiresspecialexplanation.Somewritersincludeintheirownworkspassagesfromotherwritersinordertointroduceimplicitcontrastsorcomparisons.T.S.Eliot’sTheWasteLandisofthiskind.

Analogy（类比）Theinvocationofasimilarbutdifferentinstancetothatwhichisbeingrepresented,inordertobringoutitssalientfeaturesthroughthecomparison.

Anapest（抑抑扬格）Atrisyllabicmetricalfootconsistingoftwounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedsyllable.

Apostrophe（顿呼）Arhetoricaltermforaspeechaddressedtoaperson,ideaorthingwithanintenseemotionthatcannolongerbeheldback,oftenplacedatthebeginningofapoemoressay,butalsoactingasadigressionorpauseinanongoingargument.

Arcadia（阿卡狄亚）AmountainousregionofGreecewhichwasrepresentedastheblissfulhomeofhappyshepherds.DuringtheRenaissanceArcadiabecamethetypicalnameforanidealizedruralsocietywheretheharmoniousGoldenAgestillflourished.SirPhilipSidney’sproseromanceisentitledArcadia.

Assonance（半谐音）Therepetitionofaccentedvowelsoundsfollowedbydifferentconsonantsounds.

Aubade（晨曲）Asongorsaluteatdawn,usuallybyaloverlamentingpartingatdaybreak,forexample,JohnDonne’s“TheSunRising”.

AugustanAge:

mayreferto1）TheperiodinRomanhistorywhenCaesarAugustuswasthefirstemperor;2）TheperiodinthehistoryoftheLatinlanguagewhenCaesarAugustuswasemperorandGolden-ageLatinwasinuse;3）AugustanliteratureandAugustanpoetry,theearly18thcenturyinBritishliteratureandpoetry,wheretheauthorshighlyadmiredandemulatedtheoriginalAugustanAge.

Avant-garde（先锋派）Amilitaryexpressionusedinliteraturereferstoagroupofmodernartistsandwriters.Theirmainconcernisdeliberateandself-consciousexperimentationinwritingtodiscovernewforms,techniquesandsubjectmatterinthearts.

Ballad（民谣）Anarrativepoemwhichwasoriginallysungtotellastoryinsimplecolloquiallanguage.

Balladmetre（民谣格律）Aquatrainofalternatefour-stressandthree-stresslines,usuallyroughlyiambic.

Balladstanza（民谣体诗节）Aquatrainthatalternatestetrameterwithtrimeterlines,andusuallyrhymesabcb.

Blankverse（无韵诗）Verseiniambicpentameterwithoutrhymescheme,oftenusedinversedramainthesixteenthcenturyandlaterusedforpoetry.

Burlesque（诙谐作品）Animitationofaliterarystyle,orofhumanaction,thataimstoridiculebyincongruitystyleandsubject.Highburlesqueinvolvesahighstyleforalowsubject,forinstance,AlexanderPope’sTheRapeoftheLock.

Byronichero（拜伦式英雄）AcharactertypeportrayedbyGeorgeLordGordonByroninmanyofhisearlynarrativepoems,especiallyChildHarold’sPilgrimage.TheByronicheroisabroodingsolitary,whoseeksexotictravelandwildnaturetoreflecthissuperhumanpassions.Heiscapableofgreatsufferingandguiltyofsometerrible,unspecifiedcrime,butbearsthisguiltwithpride,asitsetshimapartfromsociety,revealingthemeaninglessnessofordinarymoralvalues.Heismisanthropic,defiant,rebellious,nihilisticandhypnoticallyfascinatingtoothers.

Canto（诗章）Adivisionofalongpoem,especiallyanepic.Dante’sDivineComedy,Byron’sDonJuanandEzraPound’sTheCantosarealldividedintothesechapter-lengthsections.

CarpeDiem（及时行乐）Apoemadvisingsomeoneto“seizetheday”or“seizethehour”.Usuallythegenreisaddressedbyamantoayoungwomanwhoisurgedtostopprevaricatinginsexualoremotionalmatters.

Cavalierpoets（骑士诗人）EnglishlyricpoetsduringthereignofCharlesI.RichardLovelace,SirJohnSuckling,ThomasCarew,EdmundWallerandRobertHerrickaretherepresentativesofthisgroup.Cavalierpoetryismostlyconcernedwithlove,andemploysavarietyoflyricforms.

Cockneyschoolofpoetry（伦敦佬诗派）AderisivetermforcertainLondon-basedwriters,includingLeighHunt,PercyByssheShelley,WilliamHazlittandJohnKeats.ThistermwasinventedbytheScottishjournalistJohnGibsonLockhartinananonymousseriesofarticleonTheCockneySchoolofPoetry,inwhichhemockedthesupposedstylisticvulgarityofthesewriters.

Complaint（怨诗）Apoeticgenreinwhichthepoetcomplains,oftenabouthisbeloved.GeofferyChaucer’s“ComplainttoHisPurse”,EdwardYoung’s“TheComplaint”,or“NightThoughts”areexamples.

Conceit（奇思妙喻）Originallyitmeantsimplyathoughtoranopinion.Thetermcametobeusedinaderogatorywaytodescribeaparticularkindoffar-fetchedmetaphoricalassociation.Ithasnowlostthispejorativeovertoneandsimplydenotesaspecialsortoffigurativedevice.Thedistinguishingqualityofaconceitisthatitshouldforgeanunexpectedcomparisonbetweentwoapparentlydissimilarthingsorideas.TheclassicexampleisJohnDonne’sTheFleaandAValediction:

ForbiddingMourning.

Didacticpoetry（说教诗）Poetrydesignedtoteachorpreachasaprimarypurpose.

Dirge（挽歌）Anysongofmourning,shorterandlessformalthananelegy.Shakespeare’sFullFathomFiveinTheTempestisafamousexample.

.

Dithyramb（酒神颂歌）AGreekchorichymninhonourofDionysus.Ingeneral“dithyrambic”isappliedtoawildlyenthusiasticsongorchant.

Eclogue（牧歌）Apastoralpoem,especiallyapastoraldialogue,usuallyindebtedtotheVirgilliantradition.

Elegy（挽诗）Apoemoflamentation,concentratingonthedeathofasingleperson,likeAlfredTennyson’s“InMemoriam”,ThomasGray’s“ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”,orW.B.Yeats’s“InMemoryofMajorRobertGregory”.

Epic（史诗）Alongnarrativepoeminelevatedstyle,abouttheadventuresofaherowhoseexploitsareimportanttothehistoryofanation.ThemorefamousepicsinwesternliteratureareHomer’sIliad,Virgil’sAeneid,Dante’sDivineComedyandJohnMilton’sParadiseLost.

Epigram（警句诗）Apolished,terseandwittyremarkthatpacksgeneralizedknowledgeintoshortcompass.

Epigraph（铭文）Ashortquotationcitedatthestartofabookorchaptertopointupitsthemeandassociateitscontentwithlearning.Alsoaninscriptiononamonumentorbuildingexplainingitspurpose.

Epitaph（墓志铭）Aninscriptiononatomborapieceofwritingsuitableforthatpurpose,generallysummingupsomeone’slife,sometimesinpraise,sometimesinsatire.JohnKeatswroteanEpitaphforhimself.Itsays,“Hereliesonewhosenameiswritinwater.”

Epithet（表述词语）FromLatinepitheton,fromGreekepitithenaimeaning“toadd”,anadjectiveoradjectiveclusterthatisassociatedwithaparticularpersonorthingandthatusuallyseemstocapturetheirprominentcharacteristics.Forexample,“Ethelredtheunready”,or“fleet-footedAchilles”inAlexanderPope’sversionofTheIliad.

Folkballad（民间歌谣）Anarrativepoemdesignedtobesung,composedbyananonymousauthor,andtransmittedorallyforyearsorgenerationsbeforebeingwrittendown.Ithasusuallyundergonemodificationthroughtheprocessoforaltransmission.

Foot（音步）aunitofmeasureconsistingofstressedandunstressedsyllables.

Freeverse（自由诗）Versereleasedfromtheconventionofmeter,withitsregularpatternofstressesandlinelength.

GeorgianPoetry：

thetitleofaseriesofanthologiesshowcasingtheworkofaschoolofEnglishpoetrythatestablisheditselfduringtheearlyyearsofthereignofKingGeorgeVoftheUnitedKingdom.EdwardMarshwasthegeneraleditoroftheseriesandthecentreofthecircleofGeorgianpoets,whichincludedRupertBrooke.IthasbeensuggestedthatBrookehimselftookahandinsomeoftheeditorialchoices.

Graveyardpoets（墓园诗人）Several18thcenturypoetswrotemournfullypensivepoemsonthenatureofdeath,whichweresetingraveyardsorinspiredbygloomynocturnalmeditations.ExamplesofthisminorbutpopulargenreareThomasParnell’s“Night-PieceonDeath”,EdwardYoung’s“NightThoughts”andRobertBlair’s“TheGrave”.ThomasGray’s“ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”owessomethingtothisvogue.

Haiku（俳句）AJapaneselyricformdatingfromthe13thcenturywhichconsistsofseventeensyllablesusedinthreelines:

5/7/5.Several20thcenturyEnglishandAmericanpoetshaveexperimentedwiththeform,includingEzraPound.

Heroiccouplet（英雄双韵体）Linesofiambicpentameterrhymedinpa