EAR=Effectiveannualrate(1rp)m1
HoldingPeriodReturn=holdingperiodyield=HPYt=
Thefuturevalueofcashflow
FutureValue(FV):
amounttowhichinvestmentgrows
afteroneormorecompoundingperiods.
HPR
t
PPDPD
11
ttttt
PP
t1t1
FVPV(1r)n
MoneyWeightedReturnisanIRRcalculation.
TimeWeightedReturnmeasurescompoundgrowth
FV
PV
()
1I/Yn
Annuities:
seriesofequalcashflowsthatoccurat
andpast-periodreturnfornperiods
TWR=n(1r1)(1r2)(1r3)...(1rn)1
evenlyspacedintervalsovertime.
Ordinaryannuity:
cashfolwatend-of-timeperiod.
Annuitydue:
cashflowatbeginning-of-timeperiod.
Thenannualizethetime-weightedreturn.
()360
FVP
BDY=BankDiscountYield=r0
BD
FVt
Perpetuities:
annuitieswithinfinitelives.
FVAo=Futurevalueofanannuity=
EAY=Effectiveannualyield=(1+HRY)365/t-1
Moneymarketyield=HPY×(360/t)
PMT
r
[(1r)n1]
Moneymarketyield=BDY/(1-BDY×t/360)
StatisticalConceptsandMarketReturnsPVAo=Presentvalueofanannuity=
PMT1
1
r(1r)n
FVAD=Futurevalueofannuitydue=FVAo×(1+r)
Positionoftheobservationatagivenpercentile,y;
y
L(n1)
y
100
Arithmeticmean:
sumofallobservationvaluesin
PVAD=Presentvalueofannuitydue=PVAo×(1+r)sample/population,dividedbynumberofobservations.
PresentValueofPerpetuity=PMT/rGeometricmean:
usedwhencalculatinginvestment
FutureValueofUnevenCashFlows=returnsovermultipleperiodsortomeasurecompound
growthrates.
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N
X
i
Populationmean:
1
i
x
N
Samplevariance=
n
(XX)
2
i
s
2i1
n1
n
X
i
Samplemean:
X1
i
n
Samplestandarddeviation=
s
n
(XX)2
i
i1
n1
n
X(wX)
ii
i1
Chebyshev’sinequality:
P(xk)1
Weightedmean:
1
k
2
where
wareweightsthatsumto1.
i
CoefficientofVariation(CV):
expresshowmuch
Geometricmean:
dispersionexistsrelativetomeanofadistribution.
N
GXXX...X(X)
1/N
N
123Ni
i1
CV=Coefficientofvariance=s
X
Geometricmeanreturn:
RRR…R
G12nN
(1)
(1)
(1)1
N
(1)
(1)
(1)1
Sharpratio
RR
Pf
P
Harmonicmean:
N
X
HN
(1/X)
i
i1
SK=Sampleskewness
1
n
N
(X)3
i
i1
3
y
Ythpercentile=
(1)
Ln
Y
100
MAD=Meanabsolutedeviation=
N
i1
X
i
N
Positiveskewness:
ModeNegativeskewness:
Mode>Median>Mean
Samplekurtosis=K
P
n
(XX)
4
1
i
i1
n
4
Excesskurtosis=samplekurtosis–3
VarianceandStandardDeviation
Variance:
averageofsquareddeviationsfrommean.
Standarddeviation:
squarerootofvariance.ProbabilityConcepts
Populationvariance=
N
(X)
2
i
21
i
N
Jointprobability=P(AB)P(B)P(AB)
Additionruleofprobability
Populationstandarddeviation=
=P(AUB)P(A)P(B)P(AIB)
N
(X)
2
i
i1
N
σ>MADthatholdsingeneral
2
TotalProbabilityRule=
P(R)=P(R│S1)P(S1)+…+P(R│SN)P(SN)
S1,S2,…,SNaremutuallyexclusiveandexhaustive
n
Expectedvalue=
E(X)XP(X)
ii
i1
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Probabilisticvariance:
(X)P(X)xE(X)
2
2
ii
P(X)xE(X)P(X)xE(X)
22
1122
LP(X)xE(X)
2
nn
0,xa
xa
F(x)P(Xx),axb
ba
xb
1,
NormalDistribution:
Covariance:
Cov(X,Y)E[XE(X)][YE(Y)]
1.Completelydescribedbyme