高考英语任务型阅读专项特训5.docx

高考英语任务型阅读专项特训5.docx

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高考英语任务型阅读专项特训5

【助力2019】高考英语任务型阅读专项特训（5）

（1）

Zebrashavetheirownbugrepellent（驱虫剂）?

Ewwbugs!

Theyaresoannoying!

Wehumansareluckythatwecanapplyrepellentstoavoidnastybites.Butwhat’sananimaltodo?

Theyhavenochoicebuttospendtheirdaysshooingthemoffwiththeirtails||，unless||，ofcourse||，theyarezebras||，whoapparentlyhavetheirownautomaticrepellent---theirstripedskin!

ScientistshadoriginallythoughtthatthereasonwhytheanimalhaddevelopedtheblackandwhitelineswastohelpprotectitselffrompredatorsintheAfricansavannah||，becausethestripesmakeitdifficulttosingleoutonezebrathatistravelingwithaherd.Whilethatmaybetrue||，thetheoryhasneverbeentestedorproven.Nowtheexpertshaveanother---thatthestripeshaveevolvedtorepeltheannoyinghorsefliesthatnotonlyfeedofftheirblood||，butals

o||，transmitdangerousgermsintothebodiesoftheseinnocentanimals.

ThestudywasperformedbyateamofSwedishscientists.Oneofthecluesthatgotthemthinkingalongtheselineswasthefactthatdarkerhorsesgotbittenmoreoftenthanlight-coloredorwhiteones.

Thefactthatzebrasarebornblackandonlydevelopstripsastheygrowoldermadethescientiststheorizethatthestripesmaybesomethingtheanimalshavedevelopedtomakethemselveslessattractivetoflies.

Totestifthismaybethecase||，theypaintedsomeboardsatahorse-infestedhorsefarminBudapestwithpattensofblackandwhitestripesofvaryingwidthsandappliedalayerofglueonthem.Whattheynoticedwasthattheplaceswheretheblackandwhitestripeswereattheirnarrowest（similartowhatzebrashave）attractedthefewestflies.Theyachievedsimilarresultswhentheypaintedhorseswithblackandwhitezebra-likestripes.

Whiletheresearcharenotsurewhythismaybethecase||，theybelieveitmaybesomethingtodowiththewayinsectsoperate---horsefliesareattractedtohorizontallypolarizedlight（偏振光）||；sincewhitedoesnotreflectit||，whitehorsesareluckierthanblackones.Butzebrasseemtobetheluckiestofall.Whentheresearchersmeasuredthepolarizedlightreflectedfromrealzebraskins||，theyfoundthatitmatchedlightpattensthatweretheleastattractivetohorseflies.

Whilethistheorydoesmakelogicalsense||，nobodyis100percentsurethatitisreallytrue||，giventhatithasneverbeentestedonarealzebra.Ifitistrue||，itdoesraisethequestionofwhyahorse||，acloserelativeofthezebrahasfailedtodevelopstripes.TheresearchersbelievethatthiscouldbebecausetherearemorehorsefliesinAfrica||，wherezebrasreside||，thenanywhereelseintheworld.

Title

Zebrashavetheirownbugrepellent?

Reasonsforzebrasdevelopingtheirstrips

Originalbelief[来源:

学+科+网Z+X+X+K][来源:

1][来源:

Z||，xx||，k.Com]

Withtheblackandwhitelines||，onezebraisdifficulttosingleoutwhiletravelingwithaherd||，thus___1___itfromitsenemies.[来源:

学+科+网Z+X+X+K][来源:

学。

科。

网Z。

X。

X。

K]

Newtheory

Zebras||，residinginAfricawheretherearemosthorsefliesintheworld||，havedevelopedstripstoavoidbeing___2____.

Astudy

Researchers

Ateamofscientistsfrom___3____

____4____

Totestifstripsaredevelopedtomakezebraslessattractivetoflies.

Clues

*Whiteorlight-coloredhorsesareless__5___togetbittenthandarkones.

*Zebrasdevelopstripsastheygrowolderthoughbornblack.

Method

*Someboardsatahorsefarmarepaintedwithpattensofblackandwhitestripes___6___wide||，alayerofglueappliedonthem

*Measuredthepolarizedlightreflectedfromrealzebraskins

_____7____

*Theplaceswheretheblackandwhitestripesweresimilartothe___8___zebrashaveattractedthefewestflies

*Stripsofzebrasmatchedlightpattensthatweretheleastattractivetohorseflies

Principleofzebras’blackandwhitestripsrepellingtheflies

Horizontallypolarizedlight||，whichwhitedoesnotreflect||，____9___tohorseflies.

Conclusion

____10___testedonrealzebras||，thetheoryisn’tdefinitelytrue.

Possibleanswers:

1.protecting2.attacked3.Sweden4.Purpose5.likely

●variously7.Findings8.ones9.appeals10.Unless

（2）

Thenewyear'sjustbegunandalreadyyou'refindingithardtokeepthoseresolutionstojunkthejunkfood||，getoffthecouchorkicksmoking.There'sabiologicalreasonalotofourbadhabitsaresohardtobreak–theygetdeep-rootedinourbrains.

That'snotanexcusetogiveup.Understandinghowunhealthybehaviorsbecomedeep-rootedhasscientistslearningsometricksthatmayhelpgoodhabitsreplacethebad."Whyarebadhabitsstronger?

You'refightingagainstthepowerofanimmediatereward||，Weallascreaturesarehard-wiredthatway||，togivegreatervaluetoanimmediaterewardthansomethingthat’sdelayed."saysDr.NoraVolkow||，directoroftheNationalInstituteonDrugAbuse.

Justhowthatbitofhappinessturnsintoahabitinvolvesapleasure-sensingchemicalnameddopamine（多巴胺）.Itconditionsthebraintowantthatrewardagainandagain–increasingtheconnectioneachtime–especiallywhenitgetstherightcue（暗示）fromyourenvironment.

Peopletendtooverestimatetheirabilitytoresisttemptationsaroundthem||，thusdestroyingattemptstogetridofbadhabits||，Evenscientistswhorecognizeitfindithardtoresist."Idon'tlikepopcorn.ButeverytimeIgotothecinema||，Ihavetoeatit||，"Volkowsays."It'sfascinating."

Amovementtopaypeopleforbehaviorchangesmayexploitthatconnection||，assomecompaniesofferemployeesoutrightpaymentsorinsurancerebatesforadoptingbetterhabits.Howeverpayingforbehaviorplaysout||，researcherssaytherearesomestepsthatmayhelpcounteryourbrain'sholdonbadhabits:

repeat||，repeat||，repeatthenewbehavior–thesameroutineatthesametimeofday.Determinedtoexercise?

Doingitatthesametimeofthemorning||，ratherthanfittingitinhaphazardly||，makesthebrainrecognizethehabitsoeventually.Ifyoudon'tdoit||，youfeelaw

ful||，Exerciseitselfraisesdopaminelevels||，soeventuallyyourbrainwillgetafeel-goodhitevenifyourmusclesprotest.Rewardyourselfwithsomethingyoureallydesire||，Volkowstresses.Youexercisedallweek?

Stucktoyourdiet?

Buyabook||，agreatpairofjeans||，ortryafancyrestaurant-saferperhapsthanaboxofcookiesbecausethepriceinhibitsthequantity.

Topic

____1___speaking||，badhabitsarehardtobreakastheyarerooteddeeplyinourbrains.

Howunhealthybehaviorsbecomedeep-rooted

Allcreatures||，includinghumans||，havea___2____foranimmediaterewardratherthanwhatisdelayed.

Dopamineconditionsthebraintowantthatreward____3____||，turningthatbitofhappinessintoahabit.

Peopleareusuallyunlikelytobe___4____totemptations||，thusfailingtogetridofbadhabits.

Howistheconnectiontaken____5_____of

Theknowledgemotivatesscientiststocreatesometricksgettingbadhabitstomake___6____forthegoodones.

Amovement

Companiesrewardemployeesfor____7___upbetterhabits

Stepstohelp____8____badhabits

*Repeatthenewbehaviourata_

__9___timedaily||，makingthebrainrecognizethehabiteventually.

*Rewardyourselfwithwhatyouarereally__10___for

Possibleanswers:

1.Biologically2.preference3.repeatedly4.resistant5.advantage

6.way7.picking8.kick/break/drop9.fixed10.desperate/eager/dying

　（3）

AnEventofImagination

Theyearis2094.IthasbeenannouncedthatacometisheadingtowardstheEarth.Mostofitwillmissourplanet||，buttwopieceswillprobablyhitthesouthernhalfoftheEarth.

On17July||，apiecefourkilometerswideenterstheEarth'satmospherewithamassiveexplosion.Abouthalfofthepieceisdestroyed||，buttheremainingparthitstheSouthAtlanticat200timesthespeedofsound.Theseaboilsandahugeholeismadeintheseabed.Hugewavesarecreatedandspreadoutwardsfromthehole.Thewallofwater||，akilometerhigh||，rushestowardssouthernAfricaat800kilometersanhour.CitiesontheAfricancoastaretotallydestroyedandmillionsofpeoplearedrowned.BeforethewavesreachSouthAmerica||，thesecondpieceofthecometlandsinArgentina.

EarthquakesandvolcanoesaresetoffintheAndesMountains.TheshockwavesmovenorthintoCaliforniaandallaroundthePacificOcean.ThecitiesofLosAngeles||，SanFranciscoandTokyoarecompletelydestroyedbyearthquakes.Millionsofpeopleinthesouthernhalfoftheeartharealreadydead||，butthenorthwon'tescapeforlong.Becauseoftheexplosions||，thesunishiddenbycloudsofdust||，andtemperaturearoundtheworldfallstoalmostzero.Cropsareruined.Thesunwon'tbeseenagainformanyyears.Warsbreakoutascountriesfightforfood.Ayearlater||，nomorethan10millionremainalive.

Coulditreallyhappen?

Infact||，ithasalreadyhappenedmorethanonceinthehistoryoftheEarth.Thedinosaurs（恐龙）wereontheEarthforover160millionyears.Then65millionyearsagotheysuddenlydisappeared.ManyscientistsbelievethattheEarthwashitbyapieceofobjectinspace.Thedinosaurscouldn'tlivethroughthecoldclimatethatfollowedandtheydiedout.Willwemeetthesameend?

请根据以上文章||，完成下列表格：

____1_____

Results

TheremainingparthitstheSouthAtlantic200timesas__2___assound.

Theseaboilsandahugeholeismadeintheseabed||，from__3____hugewavesarecreatedandspreadoutwards||，.Atsunami（海啸）hitssouthernAfrica||，citiesontheAfricancities___4___andmillionsofpeople__5____.

Onepieceofcometfourkilometersin__6__enterstheEarth'satmosphere||，__7___inamassiveexplosion.

Cloudsofdust___8___thesunandthetemperaturefallstoalmostzero||，___9__crops.