朗文英语听说教程二听力原文Units 3789.docx

朗文英语听说教程二听力原文Units 3789.docx

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朗文英语听说教程二听力原文Units3789

Unit3HighAnxiety:

Phobias

TEACHER:

Goodafternoon.Todaywe'regoingtoturntoanewtopicin

psychologyandstartlookingatsomespecificpsychologicalproblems.There

areavarietyofmentalproblemsthatcanaffectusinourdailylives-someare

notsoserious,likeafearofcatsorofinsects,andothersaremoreserious.

Nowaspsychologists,wetrytostudythesedifferentproblemsandfindways

tohelppeople.

Iwanttostartthediscussionbytalkingaboutafairlycommonkindof

psychologicalproblem-aphobia,that'sP-H-O-B-I-A.First,I'llexplainwhata

phobiaisandthenI'lltalkaboutsometheoriesonwhypeoplehavephobias.

Asyouprobablyknow,aphobiaisafear.Sodoanyofyouhavephobias?

Oh,

comeon,youcantellme;I'mapsychologist.Yes,Monica?

STUDENT1:

Ihaveafearofswimming.Idon'tliketogoneartheocean.

TEACHER:

OK,that'snotanunusualphobia.Anyoneelse?

Ali?

STUDENT2:

Ihatedogs.Imean,Ijustdon'tlikethem.WhenIseeabigdog,

actuallyanydog,Ijustgetnervous,soIavoidthem.

TEACHER:

OK,that'sanothercommonphobia.Thanksforsharingthose

examplesofphobias.Aphobiaisnotanormalfear;itisanextremefear―a

verystrongfear.Forexample,mybrother,who'sasuccessfulartist,had

computerphobia.Hedidn'tsimplydislikeusingcomputers.Heusedtohave

averystrongfearofusingthem.

Psychologistshavecomeupwiththreecharacteristicsofaphobia.People

displaythesethreecharacteristicsiftheyhaveaphobia,notjustanormalfear.

Nowfirst,aphobiaisnotarationalresponse.It'saverystrongreaction,too

strongforthesituation.Formybrother,thismeanthehadaverystrong

physicalreactionifsomeoneaskedhimtouseacomputer.Hestartedshaking

violentlyandhadtroublebreathing.Once,heevenstartedchoking.Physical

reactionslikethisarecommon.Second,aphobiaoftenlastsforalongtime,

formonthsorevenyears.Inmybrother’scase,itlastedseveralyears.Third,

thereactionistoostrongforapersontocontrol.Forexample,evenifmy

brothertoldhimselfnottobeafraidatthecomputer,itdidn'thelp.Hestillfelt

veryafraid.Usually,peopleavoidwhateveritistheyaresoafraidof.So,in

mybrother’scase,heavoidedusingacomputer.

OK,sothosearethethreecharacteristicsofphobias.It'sanextreme,irrational

response,it'slong-lasting,andit’suncontrollable.

STUDENT3:

Souncontrollablemeansevenifyoutrytocontrolit,youcan't?

TEACHER:

Yes,itmeansyoucan'tcontrolitbytryingtodenyyoufeelthe

phobia.Therearewaystotreatphobias,andwe'lltalkaboutthoseinaminute.

Yes?

STUDENT4:

Whathappenedtoyourbrother?

Didhegetoverit?

TEACHER:

Yes,hedid.Themainthingwasthathedecidedthathewanted

togetoverit,andhewastreatedbyapsychologist.Nowheusescomputers

allthetime.

OK,solet'sspendaminutegoingoversomeclassificationsofphobias.

Phobiasareclassifiedbythethingorsituationthatthepersonfears.Greekor

Latinnamesareusuallyusedtodescribethefear.Here'sanexample:

hypno,

H-Y-P-N-O,meanssleep,sofearofsleepishypnophobia.Cyno,C-Y-N-O,

meansdog.Soafearofdogsis...cynophobia,right?

Here'sanotherexample.

Aerophobia.Listentothefirstpart,Aero.What'sthefear?

Aeroasinairplane-

aerophobiaisfearofflying.

Let'sturnnowtothecausesofphobias.Onetheoryisthataphobiaislearned.

Thismeanssomethinghappensthatcausessomeone,orinasense"teaches

someone"tofreeafraid.Forexample,Alicouldhavelearnedtobeafraidof

dogsifhewasattackedandinjuredbyoneasachild.

Peoplecanalsolearntohavephobiasbywatchinghowotherpeoplereact.In

fact,doctorsfindthatphobiastendtoruninfamilies.Forexample,let's

imaginethatAli’smotherhasalwaysbeenafraidofdogs.WheneverAlland

hismotherweretogetherandsawadog,hismotherwouldgetveryscared,

verynervous.WhenAlisawhowhismotherreacted,hewouldthengradually

becomeveryscared,too.Hewouldthenhavedevelopedcynophobiafrom

watchinghismother.So,youcanseethattherearetwowayslearningcanbe

involvedinphobias.So,thefirsttheoryisthataphobiaislearned.Learned

eitherbydirectexperienceorbywatchingthereactionsofothers.

Thesecondtheorysaysthataphobiaisonlyasignofadeeperproblem.This

meansthatthephobiaisn'tthewholeproblem.Let'stakeanotherexample.I

oncetreatedateenagerwhowasveryafraidofthedark.Hecouldn'tbeina

darkroombyhimself.Hewasterrifiedtogooutsideatnight,andsoon.

Accordingtothistheory,whenheactedafraidofthedark,hewasreally

showinghisfearofsomethingelse.Intherapy,itwasrevealedthathewas

afraidofhisfather.Hisfatherwasverystrictwhenhewasyoung,andonce

hisfathermade