语言学的名词解释.doc

语言学的名词解释.doc

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WhenIwaspreparingthepostgraduateentranceexaminationofNNU（NanjingNormalUniversity）,someofthesefollowingconceptshadbeentested,butthere'snospecificorclearexplanationinthetextbookrequiredbytheuniversity.Asinpreparingthesecond-roundexaminationIreadtheminotherrelevantbooks,Iwrotedownhereforyourreference.Hopetheyareusefultosomeofyou.

1.Acculturation（同化过程）isaprocessinwhichmembersofoneculturalgroupadoptthebeliefsandbehaviorsofanothergroup.

2.Adjacencypair（相邻语对）;asequenceoftwoutterancesbydifferentspeakersinconversation.Thesecondisaresponsetothefirst,suchasquestion/answersequencesandgreeting/greetingexchange.

3.affix:

aboundmorphemethatisattachedtoastemandmodifiesitsmeaninginsomeway.

4.agreement（concord）（一致）:

agrammaticalphenomenoninwhichtheformofonewordinasentenceisdeterminedbytheformofanotherwordwhichisgrammaticallylinkedtoit.E.g.inthesentenceTheboygoestoschooleveryday.Thereisanagreementinnumberbetweenboyandgoes.

5.articulators（发音器官）:

thetongue,lips,andvelum,whichchangetheshapeofthevocaltracttoproducedifferentspeechsounds.

6.aspect（体）:

thegrammaticalcategoryrepresentingdistinctioninthetemporalstructureofanevent.Englishhastwoaspectconstruction---theperfectandtheprogressive.（完成体和进行体）

7.aspiration（吐气）;thepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsthepronounciationofastopconsonant.E.g./p/inthewordpit.

8.consonant（辅音）;aspeechsoundproducedbypartialorcompleteclosureofpartofthevocaltract,thusobstructingtheairflowandcreatingaudiblefriction.Consonantsaredescribedintermsofvoicing,placeofarticulation,andmannerofarticulation.

9.converstionalimplicature（会话含义）:

meaningsthatareexplicableinthelightofconverationalmaxims.

municativecompetence（交际能力）;theabilitytouselanguageappropriatelyinsocialsituations.

11.constituent（成分）:

asyntacticunitthatfunctionsaspartofalargeunitwithinasentence;typicalconstituenttypesareverbphrase,nounphrase,prepositionalphraseandclause.

12.case（格）：

thegrammaticalcategoryininflectionallanguagesbywhichtheformofanounornounphrasevariesforgrammaticalorsemanticreasons.Englishhasonlyonecasedistinctioninnouns—thegenitivecase（所有格）,butEnglishpronounshavethreeformsthatcorrespondtothreeofthesixcasesinLatin.

13.clause（小句）:

agrammaticalunitthatcontainsasubjectandapredicate.Itmaybeasentenceorpartofasentence.

14.closedclass（封闭词类）:

agroupofwordswhosemembershipissmallanddoesnotreadilyacceptnewmembers.

15.coinage（创新词）:

theconstructionandadditionofnewwords.

16.distribution（分布）:

thesetofpositionsinwhichagivenlinguisticelementorformcanappearinalanguage.

17.duality（双重结构）:

atypeofdouble-layerstructureinwhichasmallnumberofmeaninglessunitsarecombinedtoproducealargenumberofmeaningfulunits.

18.entailment（包含）;therelationshipbetweentwosentenceswherethetruthofone（thesecond）isinferredfromthetruthoftheother.

19.euphemism（委婉语）:

awordorphrasethatreplacesataboowordorisusedtoavoidreferencetocertainactsorsubjects,e.g.powderroomfortoilet.

20.gardenpathsentence（花园小径句）:

asentenceinwhichthecomprehenderassumesaparticularmeaningofawordoraphrasebutlaterdiscoversthattheassumptionwasincorrect,forcingthecomprehendertobacktrackandreinterpretthesentence

21.freevariation;（自由变异）arelationbetweentwospeechsoundssuchthateitheronecanoccurinacertainpositionandthesubstitutionofonefortheothernevermakesanydifferenceinthemeaningoftheword.Forinstance,theunexploded（失去爆破）stop/d/inthephraseGoodmorningisinfreevaritationwiththeexploded（爆破）counterpart.

22.inflection（屈折变化）:

themorphologicalprocessbywhichaffixescombinewithwordsorstemstoindicatesuchgrammaticalcategoriesastenseorplurity.

23.government（支配）:

thegrammaticalphonomenoninwhichthepresenceofaparticularwordinasentencerequiresasecondwordwhichisgrammaticallinkedwithittoappearinaparticularform.E.g.aprepositionoraverbrequiresthatthepronounfollowingitbeintheobjectiveform,asinwithme,tohim.

24.languageuniversal（语言共性）:

anypropertythatissharedbymost,ifnotall,humanlanugages.

25.linguafranca:

（通用语）Alanguagevarietyusedforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewodonototherwiseshareacommonlanguage.Forexample,Englishisthelinguafrancaoftheinternationalscientificcommunity.

26.macrosociolinguistics;Thestudyoftheeffectoflanguageonsociety.

27.microsociolinguistics:

Thestudyoftheeffectofanyandallaspectsofsociety,includingculturalnorms,expetationsandcontexts,onthewaylanguageisused.Itisoftensimplycalledsociolinguistics.

28.paradigmaticrela