曼昆经济学原理课件.docx

曼昆经济学原理课件.docx

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曼昆经济学原理课件

C1

THECONTENTSOFTHISCOURSE

PARTⅠ:

Introduction

PARTⅡ:

Supplyanddemand

PARTⅢ:

Elasticityanditsapplication

PARTⅣ:

Consumerbehaviortheory

PARTⅤ:

Firmbehaviortheory

PARTⅥ:

Factorsmarkettheory

PARTⅦ:

Marketfailures

AssessmentItems

Classparticipation20%

Papersandclasspresentation

20%

Finalexamination60%

TenPrinciplesofEconomics

Chapter1

ThepurposeofChapter1istolayoutteneconomicprinciplesthatwillserveasbuildingblocksfortherestofthetext.Thetenprinciplescanbegroupedintothreecategories:

howpeoplemakedecisions,howpeopleinteract,andhowtheeconomyworksasawhole.Throughoutthetext,referenceswillbemaderepeatedlytothesetenprinciples.

LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:

      thateconomicsisabouttheallocationof

scarceresources.

      thatindividualsfacetradeoffs.

       themeaningofopportunitycost.

      howtousemarginalreasoningwhenmaking

decisions.

      howincentivesaffectpeople’sbehavior.

      whytradeamongpeopleornationscanbe

goodforeveryone.

       whymarketsareagood,butnotperfect,way

toallocateresources.

whatdeterminessometrendsintheoverall

economy.

1.1Economics...

1.Economy

...ThewordeconomycomesfromaGreekwordfor“onewhomanagesahousehold.”

Ahouseholdandaneconomy

facemanydecisions:

Whowillwork?

Whatgoodsandhowmanyofthemshouldbeproduced?

Whatresourcesshouldbeusedinproduction?

Atwhatpriceshouldthegoodsbesold?

2.Scarcity...

...meansthatsocietyhaslimitedresourcesandthereforecannotproduceallthegoodsandservicespeoplewishtohave.

3.LimitedResources

Theresourcesthatareusedtoproducegoodsandservicesare:

Labor

Land

Capital

Entrepreneurship

LimitedResources

Labor

Thetimeandeffortthatwedevotetoproducinggoodsandservices.

Land

Thegiftsofnaturethatweusetoproducegoodsandservices.

LimitedResources

Capital

Thegoodsweusetoproduceothergoodsandservices.

•Includesphysicalcapital

–interstatehighways,buildings,anddams

•andhumancapital

–theknowledgeandskillthatpeopleobtainfromeducationandon-the-jobtraining

Entrepreneurship

Theresourcethatorganizeslabor,land,andcapital.

4.UnlimitedWants

Ourwantsareinsatiable.

Humans,bynature,wouldliketohavemoreofthosethingstheyfinddesirable.

终日奔波只为饥方才一饱便思衣

衣食两般皆俱足又想娇容美貌妻

取得美妻生下子恨无天地少根基

买到田园多广阔出入无船少马骑

槽头扣了骡和马叹无官职被人欺

县丞主簿还嫌小又要朝中挂紫衣

作了皇帝求仙术更想登天跨鹤飞

若要世人心里足除是南柯一梦西

5.ResourcesandWants

Wehavelimitedresources.

Wehaveunlimitedwants.

Thisleadstoscarcity.

Scarcityexistswhenthereareinsufficientresourcestosatisfypeople’swants.

6.Economics

Economicsisthestudyofthechoicespeoplemaketocopewithscarcity.

Economistsstudy...

Howpeoplemakedecisions.

Howpeopleinteractwitheachother.

Theforcesandtrendsthataffecttheeconomyasawhole.

1.2TenPrinciplesofEconomics

Peoplefacetradeoffs.

Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.

Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.

Peoplerespondtoincentives.

TenPrinciplesofEconomics

Tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff.

Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.

Governmentscansometimesimproveeconomicoutcomes.

TenPrinciplesofEconomics

Thestandardoflivingdependsonacountry’sproduction.

Pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney.

Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment.

1.Peoplefacetradeoffs.

“Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch!

”

1.Peoplefacetradeoffs.

Togetonething,weusuallyhavetogiveupanotherthing.

Gunsv.butter

Foodv.clothing

Leisuretimev.work

Efficiencyv.equity

1.Peoplefacetradeoffs.

Efficiencymeanssocietygetsthemostthatitcanfromitsscarceresources.

Equitymeansthebenefitsofthoseresourcesaredistributedfairlyamongthemembersofsociety.

2.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.

Decisionsrequirecomparingcostsandbenefitsofalternatives.

Whethertogotocollegeortowork?

Whethertostudyorgooutonadate?

Whethertogotoclassorsleepin?

2.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.

3.Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.

Marginalchangesaresmall,incrementaladjustmentstoanexistingplanofaction.

4.Peoplerespondtoincentives.

Marginalchangesincostsorbenefitsmotivatepeopletorespond.

Thedecisiontochooseonealternativeoveranotheroccurswhenthatalternative’smarginalbenefitsexceeditsmarginalcosts!

5.Tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff.

Peoplegainfromtheirabilitytotradewithoneanother.

Tradeallowspeopletospecializeinwhattheydobest.

AdamSmith

absoluteadvantagetheory

country1country2

goodsA32

goodsB68

DavidRichard

comparativeadvantagetheory

country1country2

goodsA34

goodsB612

6.Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.

Inamarketeconomy,householdsdecidewhattobuyandwhotoworkfor.

Firmsdecidewhotohireandwhattoproduce.

AdamSmithmadetheobservationthathouseholdsandfirmsinteractinginmarketsactasifguidedbyan“invisiblehand.”

6.Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.

Becausehouseholdsandfirmslookatpriceswhendecidingwhattobuyandsell,theyunknowinglytakeintoaccountthesocialcostsoftheiractions.

Asaresult,pricesguidedecisionmakerstoreachoutcomesthattendtomaximizethewelfareofsocietyasawhole.

7.Governmentscansometimesimprovemarketoutcomes.

Whenthemarketfails（breaksdown）governmentcanintervenetopromoteefficiencyandequity.

7.Governmentscansometimesimprovemarketoutcomes.

Marketfailureoccurswhenthemarketfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently.

Marketfailuremaybecausedbyanexternality,whichistheimpactofonepersonorfirm’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander.

Marketfailuremayalsobecausedbymarketpower,whichistheabilityofasinglepersonorfirmtoundulyinfluencemarketprices.

8.Thestandardoflivingdependsonacountry’sproduction.

Standardoflivingmaybemeasuredindifferentways:

Bycomparingpersonalincomes.

Bycomparingthetotalmarketvalueofanation’sproduction.

8.Thestandardoflivingdependsonacountry’sproduction.

Almostallvariationsinlivingstandardsareexplainedbydifferencesincountries’productivities.

Productivityistheamountofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stime.

9.Pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney.

Inflationisanincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy.

Onecauseofinflationisthegrowthinthequantityofmoney.

Whenthegovernmentcreateslargequantitiesofmoney,thevalueofthemoneyfalls.

10.Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment.

ThePhillipsCurveillustratesthetradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment:

InflationUnemployment

It’sashort-runtradeoff!

Table1TenPrinciplesofEconomics

1.3Thereasonstostudyeconomics

ThreereasonsforwesternstudentstostudyeconomicslistedinthetextbookwrittenbySamurson:

Inordertoearnmoney

Inordernottobeilliterate

Beattractedbythereputationofeconomics

（anironicstory）

Economicphenomenainreality

Whenthegrainischeap,thefarmerssuffer

Advertisementsaboutagriculturalproducts

Smallprofitsbutquickturnover

Taxincidence

OPEC

Pricediscrimination

Thepaintingwillbevaluableafterthepainterdied

Whywecannotstopthephenomenonofticketscalping

Thriftparadox

Howcanwespendmoneyontheedgeofknife

C2

ThinkingLikeanEconomist

Chapter2

Bytheendofthischapter,studentsshouldunderstand:

Øhoweconomistsapplythemethodsofscience.

Øhowassumptionsandmodelscanshedlightontheworld.

Øtwosimplemodels—thecircularflowandtheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.

Øthedifferencebetweenmicroeconomicsandmacroeconomics.

Øthedifferencebetweenpositiveandnormativestatements.

Øtheroleofeconomistsinmakingpolicy.

Øwhyeconomistssometimesdisagreewithoneanother

Everyfieldofstudyhasitsownterminology

Everyfieldofstudyhasitsownterminology

ThepurposeofChapter2istofamiliarizestudentswithhoweconomistsapproacheconomicproblems.Theywillseehoweconomistsemploythescientificmethod,theroleofassumptionsinmodelbuilding,andtheapplicationoftwospecificeconomicmodels.Studentswillalsolearntheimportantdistinctionbetweentworoleseconomistscanplay:

asscientistswhenwetrytoexplaintheeconomicworldandaspolicymakerswhenwetrytoimproveit.

2.1TheEconomistasaScientist

Theeconomicwayofthinking...

Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.

Makesuseofthescientificmethod.

1.TheScientificMethod

Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.

Developstheories,collects,andanalyzesdatatoprovethetheories.

2.TheRoleofAssumptions

Economistsmakeassumptionsinordertomaketheworldeasiertounderstand.

Theartinscientificthinkingisdecidingwhichassumptionstomake.

Economistsusedifferentassumptionstoanswerdifferentquestions.

Thestoryinthedesert

Under–controlledexperiments

Thedisadvantagesofeconomists

3.EconomicModels

Economistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworld

Twoofthemostbasiceconomicmodelsinclude:

1）TheCircular-FlowModel

Thecircular-flowmodelisasimplewaytovisuallyshowtheeconomictransactionsthatoccurbetween