胡壮麟语言学课后题.docx

胡壮麟语言学课后题.docx

《胡壮麟语言学课后题.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《胡壮麟语言学课后题.docx（39页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

胡壮麟语言学课后题

胡壮麟语言学复习及答案

ChapterI  Introduction

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

41.Linguistics     42.Phonology    43.Syntax      44.Pragmatics    

45.Psycholinguistics   46.Language 47.Phonetics  48.Morphology  49.Semantics    50.Sociolinguistics    51.AppliedLinguistics52.Arbitrariness  53Productivity  54.Displacement      55.Duality        56.DesignFeatures57.Competence  58Performance    59.Langue        60Parole

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamples forillustrationifnecessary:

61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfor  humancommunication.Explainitindetail.

62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?

Illustratethemwithexamples.

63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?

65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?

66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?

69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?

Why?

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

41.  Linguistics:

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

42.  Phonology:

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.

43.  Syntax:

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax..

44.  Pragmatics:

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.

45.  Psycholinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.

46.  Language:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

47.  Phonetics:

Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.

48.  Morphology:

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.

49.  Semantics:

Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.

50.  Sociolinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.

51.  Appliedlinguistics:

Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.

52.  Arbitrariness:

Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds

53.  Productivity:

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

54.  Displacement:

Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker

55.  Duality:

Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.

56.  Designfeatures:

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication

57.  Competence:

Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,

58.  Performance:

performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.

59.  langue:

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently

60.  Parole:

Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamples forillustrationifnecessary:

61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.

Firstofall,languageisasystem,becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Secondly,languageisarbitrarybecausethereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenformandmeaning,orbetweenthesignandwhatitstandsfor.Differentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectintheworld.Thisfactisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisalsoexplainsthesymbolicnatureoflanguage:

wordsarejustsymbols;theyareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.Thirdly,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwell-developedtheirwritingsystemsare.

    Theterm"human"inthedefinitionindicatesthatlanguageispossessedbyhumanbeingsonlyandisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsofotherlivingcreatures.Theterm"communication"meansthatlanguagemakesitpossibleforitsuserstotalktoeachotherandfulfilltheircommunicativeneeds.

62.  Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?

Illustratethemwithexamples.

1）Arbitrariness

Asmentionedearlier,thearbitrarypropertyoflanguagemeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweenthewordelephantandtheanimalitsymbolizes.Inaddition,differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages,andevenwithinthesamelanguage,thesamesounddoesnotrefertothesamething.However,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordswhicharecreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysounds,suchascrash,banginEnglish.Besides,somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.Butthenon-arbitrarywordsarequitelimitedinnumber.

Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.

2）Productivity

    Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencesthattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.Theycansendmessageswhichnooneelsehaseversentbefore.

Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberofdifferentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.

3）Duality

    Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless,discrete,individualsounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbecombinedaccordingtorulesintounitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,which,atthehigherlevel, canbearrangedintosentences.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartopossessingit.

4）Displacement

Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Animalcallsaremainlyutteredinresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.

5）Culturaltransmission

    Humanbeingswerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,butthedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmittedorpasseddownbyinstinct.Theyhavetobetaughtandlearned, butanimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.

63.  Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

    Traditionalgram-marisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"（religious,literary）writtenlanguage.Itsetsgrammaticalrulesandimposestherulesonlanguageusers.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;Itcollectsauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedataandthenitstudiesanddescribesthedatainanobjectiveandscientificway.

64.  Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?

ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisthestudyofthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

65.  Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?

First,thespokenformispriortothewrit-tenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.

Second,thespokenformplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyedanditservesawiderrangeofpurposes

Finally,thespokenformisthemediumthroughwhichweacquireourmothertongue.

66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

  Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamouslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystem