语言学单元自测.docx

语言学单元自测.docx

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语言学单元自测

Chapter7：

HistoricalLinguistics

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Oneofthetasksofthehistoricallinguistsistoexploremethodstoreconstructlinguistichistoryandestablishtherelationshipbetweenlanguages.

2.Languagechangeisagradualandconstantprocess,thereforeoftenindiscernibletospeakersofthesamegeneration.

3.ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintotheperiodsofOldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.

4.MiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivalofAnglo-Saxons,whoinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEurope.

5.InOldEnglish,allthenounsareinflectedtomarknominative,genitive,dativeandaccusativecases.

6.InOldEnglish,theverbofasentenceoftenprecedesthesubjectratherthanfollowsit.

7.AdirectconsequenceoftheRenaissanceMovementwastherevivalofFrenchasaliterarylanguage.

8.Ingeneral,linguisticchangeingrammarismorenoticeablethanthatinthesoundsystemandthevocabularyofalanguage.

9.Thesoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,andintheloss,gainandmovementofsounds.

10.Theleastwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglisharethelossandadditionofaffixes.

11.InOldEnglish,themorphosyntacticruleofadjectiveagreementstipulatedthattheendingsofadjectivemustagreewiththeheadnounincase,numberandgender.

12.ThewordorderofModernEnglishismorevariablethanthatofOldEnglish.

13.Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots,stems,orwords.

14.“Smog”isawordformedbytheword-formingprocesscalledacronymy.

15.“fridge”isawordformedbyabbreviation.

16.Modernlinguistsareabletoprovideaconsistentaccountfortheexactcausesofalltypesoflanguagechange.

17.Soundassimilationmaybringaboutthelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimilarsyllablesinsequence,asinthecaseofchangeof“Engla-land”to“England”.

18.Ruleelaborationoccurswhenthereisaneedtoreduceambiguityandincreasecommunicativeclarityorexpressiveness.

19.Languagechangeisalwaysachangetowardsthesimplificationoflanguagerules

20.Thewaychildrenacquirethelanguageisoneofthecausesforlanguagechange.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.H________linguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.

22.Thehistoricalstudyoflanguageisad________studyoflanguageratherthanasynchronicstudy.

23.EuropeanR________MovementseparatestheperiodofMiddleEnglishfromthatofmodernEnglish.

24.Animportantsetofextensivesoundchanges,whichaffected7longortensevowelsandwhichledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenphonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphemesattheendoftheMiddleEnglishPeriod,isknownastheGreatV_______Shift.

25.A_______involvesthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegment.

26.Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownase__________.

27.ThethreesetsofconsonantshiftsthatGrimmdiscoveredbecameknowncollectivelyasGrimmsL____.

28.Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovement,knownasm_______,involvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.

29.B________isaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesupposedsuffixesofexitingwords.

30.Semanticb________referstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesmoregeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation.

31.Theoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexistiscalledthep_________.

32.Sounda________referstothephysiologicaleffectofonesoundonanother.Inthisprocess,successivesoundsaremadeidenticalorsimilartooneanotherintermsofplaceormannerofarticulation.

33.Inordertoreducetheexceptionalorirregularmorphemes,speakersofaparticularlanguagemayborrowarulefromonepartofthegrammarandapplyitgenerally.Thisphenomenoniscalledi_________borrowing.

34.Byidentifyingandcomparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeaningsacrossrelatedlanguages,historicallinguistsreconstructtheprotoforminthecommonancestrallanguage.Thisprocessiscalledc________reconstruction.

35.Them____ruleofadjectiveagreementhasbeenlostfromEnglish.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

36.Historicallinguisticsexplores________________.

A.thenatureoflanguagechangeB.thecausesthatleadtolanguagechange

C.therelationshipbetweenlanguagesD.alloftheabove

37.Languagechangeis______________.

A.universal,continuousand,toalargeextent,regularandsystematic

B.continuous,regular,systematic,butnotuniversal

C.universal,continuous,butnotregularandsystematic

D.alwaysregularandsystematic,butnotuniversalandcontinuous

38.ModernEnglishperiodstartsroughly_____________.

A.from449to1100B.from1500tothepresent

C.from1100tothepresentD.from1700tothepresent

39.OldEnglishdatesbacktothemid-fifthcenturywhen_________.

A.theNormanFrenchinvadersunderWilliamtheConquerorarrivedinEngland

B.theprintingtechnologywasinvented

C.Anglo-SaxonsinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEurope

D.theCelticpeoplebegantoinhabitEngland

40.MiddleEnglishwasdeeplyinfluencedby___________.

A.NormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar

B.GreekandLatinbecauseoftheEuropeanrenaissancemovement

C.DanishlanguagesbecauseDenmarkplacedakingonthethroneofEngland

D.theCelticpeoplewhowerethefirstinhabitantsofEngland

41.Languagechangeisessentiallyamatterofchange________.

A.incollocationsB.inmeaning

C.ingrammarD.inusages

42.InOldandMiddleEnglish,both/k/and/n/intheword“knight”werepronounced,butinmodernEnglish,/k/inthesound/kn-/clusterswasnotpronounced.Thisphenomenonisknownas________.

A.soundadditionB.soundloss

C.soundshiftD.soundmovement

43.Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownas_____.

A.apocopeB.epenthesis

C.parenthesisD.antithesis

44.Segmentswitchofsoundpositionscanbeseenintheexampleofthemodernword“bird”whichcomesfromtheoldEnglishword“bridd”.Thechangeofthewordfrom“bridd”to“bird”isacaseof_________.

A.metathesisB.soundloss

C.soundadditionD.apocope

45._________isaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.

A.DerivationB.Blending

C.CompoundingD.Abbreviation

46.“Wife”,whichusedtorefertoanywoman,standsfor“amarriedwoman”inmodernEnglish.Thisphenomenonisknownas________.

A.semanticshiftB.semanticbroadening

C.semanticelevationD.semanticnarrowing

47.Englishlanguagebelongsto_________.

A.Indo-EuropeanFamilyB.Sino-TibetanFamily

C.AustronesianFamilyD.AfroasiaticFamily

48.Byanalogytothepluralformationoftheword“dog-s”,speakersstartedsaying“cows”asthepluralof“cow”insteadoftheearlierplural“kine”.Thisisthecaseof_________.

A.elaborationB.externalborrowing

C.soundassimilationD.internalborrowing

49.Morphologcialchangescaninvolve__________.

A.thelossofmorphologicalrules

B.theadditionofmorphologicalrules

C.thealterationofmorphologicalrules

D.alloftheabove

50.Themostdramaticmorphologicallossconcernsthelossof________.

A.comparativemarkersB.tensemarkers

C.genderandcasemarkersD.noneoftheabove

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

51.Apocope52.Metathesis53.Derivation

54.back-formation55.semanticnarrowing

57.haplology58.epenthesis59.Compounding

60.Blending61.semanticbroadening62.semanticshift

63.GreatVowelShift64.acronym65.soundassimilation

V.Answerthefollowingquestions:

66.Whatisthepurposeorsignificanceofthehistoricalstudyoflanguage?

67.Whatarethecharacteristicsofthenatureoflanguagechange?

68.WhatarethemajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglish?

69.Aslanguagechangesovertime,themeaningofawordmaydeviatefromitsoriginaldenotation.Discussthemajortypesofsemanticchanges.

70.OvertheyearsfromOldEnglishperiodtotheModernEnglishperiod,Englishhasundergonesomemajorsoundchanges.Illustratethesechangeswithsomeexamples.

71.Whatarethemostwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglish?

72.WhatarethecausesoflanguagechangeDiscussthemindetail.

Chapter7HistoricalLinguistics

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

16.F17.T18.T19.F

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

28.Metathesis35.morphosyntactic

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

46.D48.D49.D50.C

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

1.Apocope:

Apocopeisthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegment.

2.Metathesis:

Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasmetathesis.Itinvolvesareversalinpositionoftwoneighbouringsoundseg-ments.

3.Derivation:

Itisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots,stemsorwords.

4.back-formation:

Itisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesupposedsuffixofanexistingword.

5.semanticnarrowing:

Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbe-comeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshist