有效交流名词解释.docx

有效交流名词解释.docx

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有效交流名词解释

　　Chapter1

　　senders:

　　personswhoformulate,encode,andtransmitamessage

　　receivers:

　　personswhoreceive,decode,andinterpretamessage

　　message:

　　thecontentofacommunicativeact

　　Channels:

　　mediathroughwhichmessagesaresent

　　noise:

　　anythingthatinterfereswithordistortstheabilitytosendandreceivemessages

　　context:

　　thesetting

　　feedback:

　　informationreturnedtoamessagesource

　　positivefeedback:

　　abehavior-enhancingresponse

　　negativefeedback:

　　aresponsethatextinguishesbehaviorinprogress

　　effect:

　　thecommunicationoutcome

　　needforinclusion

　　theneedforsocialcontact

　　needforcontrol

　　theneedtofeelwearecapableandresponsible

　　needforaffection

　　theneedtoexpressandreceivelove

　　Chapter2

　　globalization:

theincreasingeconomic,political,andculturalintegrationandinterdependenceofdiversecultures

　　diversity:

therecognitionandvaluingofdifference

　　multiculturalism:

engagementwithandrespecttowardpeoplefromdistinctlydifferentcultures

　　interracialcommunication:

interpretingandsharingmeaningswithindividualsfromdifferentcultures

　　interethniccommunication:

interactionwithindividualsofdifferentethnicorigins

　　internationalcommunication:

communicationbetweenpersonsrepresentingdifferentnations

　　intraculturalcommunication:

interactionwithmembersofthesameracialorethnicgrouporco-cultureasyours

　　melting-potphilosophy:

theviewthatdifferentculturesshouldbeassimilatedintothedominantculture

　　culturalpluralism:

adherencetotheprincipleofculturalrelativism

　　culturallyconfusedlackinganunderstandingofculturaldifference

　　culturalimperialismtheexpansionofdominionofonecultureoveranotherculture

　　ethnocentrism

　　thetendencytoseeone’sowncultureassuperiortoallothers

　　culturalrelativism

　　theacceptanceofotherculturalgroupsasequalinvaluetoone’sown

　　prejudice

　　apositiveornegativeprejudgment

　　culture

　　asystemofknowledge,beliefs,values,customs,behaviors,andartifactsthat

　　areacquired,shared,andusedbymembersduringdailyliving

　　co-cultures

　　groupsofpersonswhodifferinsomeethnicorsociologicalwayfromthe

　　parentculture

　　assimilation

　　themeansbywhichco-culturemembersattempttofitinwithmembersofthedominantculture

　　accommodation

　　themeansbywhichco-culturemembersmaintaintheirculturalidentitywhilestrivingtoestablishrelationshipswithmembersofthedominantculture

　　separation

　　themeansco-culturemembersusetoresistinteractingwithmembersofthedominantculture

　　high-contextcommunication

　　atradition-boundcommunicationsystemwhichdependsonindirectness

　　low-contextcommunication

　　asystemthatencouragesdirectnessincommunication

　　high-power-distancecultures

　　culturesbasedonpowerdifferencesinwhichsubordinatesdefertosuperiors

　　low-power-distancecultures

　　culturesthatbelievethatpowershouldbeusedonlywhenlegitimate

　　masculinecultures

　　culturesthatvalueaggressiveness,strength,andmaterialsymbolsofsuccess

　　femininecultures

　　culturesthatvaluetendernessandrelationships

　　AmonghighlymasculineculturesareJapan,Italy,Germany,Mexico,andGreatBritain.Amonghighly,feminineculturesareSweden,Norway,theNetherlands,Thailand,andChile.

　　Chapter3

　　perception

　　theprocessbywhichwemakesenseoutofexperience

　　selectiveperception

　　themeansofinterpretingexperienceinawaythatconformstoone’sbeliefs,expectations,andconvictions

　　selectiveexposure

　　thetendencytoexposeoneselftoinformationthatreaffirmsexistingattitudes,beliefs,andvalues

　　selectiveattention

　　thetendencytofocusoncertaincuesandignoreothers

　　selectiveretention

　　thetendencytorememberthosethingsthatreinforceone’swayofthinkingandforgetthosethatopposeone’swayofthinking

　　figure-groundprinciple

　　astrategythatfacilitatestheorganizationofstimulibyenablingustofocusondifferentstimulialternately

　　perceptualschemata

　　constructsusedtoorganizeperceptions

　　closure:

　　thetendencytofillinmissingperceptualpiecestoperceiveacompleteworld

　　self-awareness

　　theabilitytoreflectonandmonitorone’sownbehavior

　　self-concept

　　everythingonethinksandfeelsaboutoneself

　　self-image

　　thesortofpersononeperceivesoneselftobe

　　self-efficacy

　　optimisticbeliefinone'sowncompetence

　　self-fulfillingprophecy

　　apredictionoranexpectationthatcomestruesimplybecauseoneactsasifitweretrue

　　openarea

　　thepartoftheselfcontaininginformationknowntoboththeselfandothers

　　blindarea

　　thepartoftheselfknowntoothersbutnotknowntooneself

　　hiddenarea

　　thepartoftheselfthatcontainsInformationabouttheselfknowntooneselfbutthatishiddenfromothers

　　unknownarea

　　thepartoftheselfthatisunknowntooneselfandothers

　　impressionmanagement

　　thecreationofapositiveimagedesignedtoinfluenceothers

　　perceivedself

　　theselfwebelieveourselvestobe

　　facework

　　themeansusedtopresentapublicimage

　　presentingself

　　ourpublicimage

　　highself-monitors

　　peoplehighlyattunedtoimpressionmanagementefforts

　　lowself-monitors

　　peoplewhopaylittleattentiontoresponsesothershavetothem

　　perceptualsets:

　　expectationsthatproduceareadinesstoprocessexperienceinapredeterminedway

　　haloeffect:

　　theperceivingofqualitiesthatareprimarilypositive

　　horneffect:

　　theperceivingofqualitiesthatareprimarilynegative

　　firstimpressions:

　　initialjudgmentsaboutpeople

　　predictedoutcomevaluetheory:

　　thetheorythatweformrelationshipsbasedonwhetherwebelievetheyareworthit

　　primacyeffect:

　　theabilityofone'sfirstimpressiontocolorsubsequentimpressions

　　stereotype:

　　ageneralizationaboutpeople,places,oreventsheldbymanymembersofasociety

　　prejudices:

　　abiased,negativeattitudetowardaparticulargroupofpeople;anegativeprejudgmentbasedonmembershipinasocialcategory

　　allness:

　　theerroneousbeliefthatanyonepersoncanknowallthereistoknowaboutanything

　　blindering:

　　theprocessbywhichoneunconsciouslyaddsrestrictionsthatlimitone'sperceptualcapabilities

　　fact:

　　thatwhichisknowntobetruebasedonobservation

　　inference:

　　anassumptionwithvaryingdegreesofaccuracy

　　empathy

　　theexperencingoftheworldfromaperspectiveotherthanourown.

　　culturalnearsightedness

　　thefailuretounderstandthatwedonotallattributethesamemeaningstosimilarbehavioralclues

　　idiocentric:

　　exhibitinganindividualisticorientation

　　allocentric:

　　exhibitingacollectivisticorientation

　　distinctivenesstheory:

　　thetheorystatingthataperson’sowndistinctivetraitsaremoresalienttohimorherthanarethemoreprevalenttraitspossessedbyothersintheimmediateenvironment

　　cultivationtheory:

　　atheorypropoundedbyGeorgeGerbnerandcolleaguesfocusingonthemassmedia’sabilitytoinfluenceusers’attitudesandperceptionsofreality

　　chapter4

　　Language:

　　aunifiedsystemofsymbolsthatpermitsthesharingofmeaning

　　symbol:

　　thatwhichrepresentssomethingelse

　　triangleofmeaning:

　　amodelthatexplainstherelationshipwhichexistsamongwords,things,andthoughts

　　denotativemeaning

　　dictionarymeaning;theobjectiveordescriptivemeaningofaword

　　connotativemeaning

　　subjectivemeaning;one’spersonalmeaningforaword

　　Jargon

　　specializedvocabularyoftechnicaltermssharedbyacommunityofusers

　　Slang

　　informalvocabularythatbindsuserstogether

　　bypassing

　　miscommunicationthatoccurswhenindividualsthinktheyunderstandeachotherbutactuallymisseachother’smeaning

　　polarization

　　theuseofeither-orlanguageand/orlanguagethatcausesustothinkinextremes

　　euphemism:

　　apleasantwordthatissubstitutedforalesspleasantone

　　dominantculture

　　thecultureinpower;themainstreamculture

　　Sapir-Whorfhypothesis

　　thebeliefthatthelabelsweusehelpshapethewaywethink,ourworldview,andourbehavior

　　Linguisticdeterminism

　　thebeliefthatlanguageinfluenceshowweinterprettheworld

　　Linguisticrelativity

　　thebeliefthatpersonswhospeakdifferentlanguagesperceivetheworlddifferently

　　linguisticprejudice

　　theuseofprejudicedlanguage

　　prejudicedlanguage

　　sexist,ageist,orracistlanguage;languagedisparagingtothemembersofaco-culture

　　racialcodewords:

　　wordsthatarediscriminatorybutnotliterallyracist

　　qualifiers

　　tentativephrases

　　tagquestions:

　　questionsthataremidwaybetweenoutrightstatementsandyes-noquestions

　　disclaimers:

　　remarksthatdiminishastatement’simportance

　　gender-lects:

　　DeborahTannen’stermforlanguagedifferencesattributedtogender

　　chapter5

　　nonverbalcommunication

　　thekindsofhumanmessagesandresponsesnotexpressedinwords

　　mixedmessage

　　messagethatoccurswhenwordsandactionscontradicteachother

　　Kinesics

　　thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenhumanbodymotion,orbodylanguage,andcommunication

　　paralanguage:

　　vocalcuesthataccompanyspokenlanguage

　　pitch:

　　thehighnessorlownessofthevoice

　　habitualpitch:

　　thecharacteristicpitchoneuses

　　volume:

　　thedegreeofloudnessofthevoice

　　rate:

　　speakingspeed

　　silence:

　　theabsenceofbothparalinguisticandverbalcues

　　informalspace

　　spacethatishighlymobileandcanbequicklychanged

　　semi-fixed-featurespace

　　spaceinwhichobjectsareusedtocreatedistance

　　fixed-featurespace

　　spacethatcontainsrelat