液压系统外文翻译.docx

液压系统外文翻译.docx

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液压系统外文翻译

HydraulicSystem

Thereareonlythreebasicmethodsoftransmittingpower:

electrical,mechanical,andfluidpower.Mostapplicationsactuallyuseacombinationofthethreemethodstoobtainthemostefficientoverallsystem.Toproperlydeterminewhichprinciplemethodtouse,itisimportanttoknowthesalientfeaturesofeachtype.Forexample,fluidsystemscantransmitpowermoreeconomicallyovergreaterdistancesthancanmechanicaltypes.However,fluidsystemsarerestrictedtoshorterdistancesthanareelectricalsystems.

Hydraulicpowertransmissionsystemareconcernedwiththegeneration,modulation,andcontrolofpressureandflow,andingeneralsuchsystemsinclude:

1.Pumpswhichconvertavailablepowerfromtheprimemovertohydraulicpowerattheactuator.

2.Valveswhichcontrolthedirectionofpump-flow,thelevelofpowerproduced,andtheamountoffluid-flowtotheactuators.Thepowerlevelisdeterminedbycontrollingboththeflowandpressurelevel.

3.Actuatorswhichconverthydraulicpowertousablemechanicalpoweroutputatthepointrequired.

4.Themedium,whichisaliquid,providesrigidtransmissionandcontrolaswellaslubricationofcomponents,sealinginvalves,andcoolingofthesystem.

5.Connectorswhichlinkthevarioussystemcomponents,providepowerconductorsforthefluidunderpressure,andfluidflowreturntotank（reservoir）.

6.Fluidstorageandconditioningequipmentwhichensuresufficientqualityandquantityaswellascoolingofthefluid.

Hydraulicsystemsareusedinindustrialapplicationssuchasstampingpresses,steelmills,andgeneralmanufacturing,agriculturalmachines,miningindustry,aviation,spacetechnology,deep-seaexploration,transportation,marinetechnology,andoffshoregaspetroleumexploration.Inshort,veryfewpeoplegetthroughadayoftheirliveswithoutsomehowbenefitingfromthetechnologyofhydraulics.

Thesecretofhydraulicsystem’ssuccessandwidespreaduseisitsversatilityandmanageability.Fluidpowerisnothinderedbythegeometryofthemachineasisthecaseinmechanicalsystems.Also,powercanbetransmittedinalmostlimitlessquantitiesbecausefluidsystemsarenotsolimitedbythephysicallimitationsofmaterialsasaretheelectricalsystems.Forexample,theperformanceofanelectromagnetislimitedbythesaturationlimitofsteel.Ontheotherhand,thepowerlimitoffluidsystemsislimitedonlybythestrengthcapacityofthematerial.

Industryisgoingtodependmoreandmoreonautomationinordertoincreaseproductivity.Thisincludesremoteanddirectcontrolofproductionoperations,manufacturingprocesses,andmaterialshandling.Fluidpoweristhemuscleofautomationbecauseofadvantagesinthefollowingfourmajorcategories.

Easeandaccuracyofcontrol.Bytheuseofsimpleleversandpushbuttons,theoperatorofafluidpowersystemscanreadilystart,stop,speeduporslowdown,andpositionforcewhichprovideanydesiredhorsepowerwithtolerancesaspreciseasoneten-thousandthofaninch.

Multiplicationofforce.Afluidpowersystem（withoutusingcumbersomegears,pulleys,andlevers）canmultiplyforcessimplyandefficientlyfromafractionofanouncetoseveralhundredtonsofoutput.

Constantforceortorque.Onlyfluidpowersystemsarecapableofprovidingconstantforceortorqueregardlessofspeedchanges.Thisisaccomplishedwhethertheworkoutputmovesafewinchesperhour,severalhundredinchesperminute,afewrevolutionsperhour,orthousandsofrevolutionsperminute.

Simplicity,safety,economy.Ingeneral,fluidpowersystemsusefewermovingpartsthancomparablemechanicalorelectricalsystems.Thus,theyaresimplertomaintainandoperate.This,inturn,maximizessafety,compactness,andreliability.Forexample,anewpowersteeringcontroldesignedhasmadeallotherkindsofpowersystemsobsoleteonmanyoff-highwayvehicles.Thesteeringunitconsistsofamanuallyoperateddirectionalcontrolvalveandmeterinasinglebody.Becausethesterringunitisfullyfluid-linked,mechanicallinkages,universaljoints,bearings,reductiongears,ect.areeliminated.Thisprovidesasimple,compactsystems.Inaddition,verylittleinputtorqueisrequiredtoproducethecontrolneededforthetoughestapplications.Thisisimportantwherelimitationsofcontrolspacerequireasmallsterringwheelanditbecomesnecessarytoreduceoperatorfatigue.

Additionalbenefitsoffluidpowersystemsincludeinstantlyreversiblemotion,automaticprotectionagainstoverloads,andinfinitelyvariablespeedcontrol.Fluidpowersystemsalsohavethehighesthorsepowerperweightratioofanyknownpowersource.Inspiteofallthesehighlydesirablefeaturesoffluidpower,itisnotapanaceaforallpowertransmissionproblems.Hydraulicsystemsalsohavesomedrawbacks.Hydraulicoilsaremessy,andleakageisimpossibletocompletely.Also,mosthydraulicoilscancausefiresifanoilleakoccursinareaofhotequipment.

Thereareonlythreebasicmethodsoftransmittingpower:

electrical,mechanical,andfluidpower.Mostapplicationsactuallyuseacombinationofthethreemethodstoobtainthemostefficientoverallsystem.Toproperlydeterminewhichprinciplemethodtouse,itisimportanttoknowthesalientfeaturesofeachtype.Forexample,fluidsystemscantransmitpowermoreeconomicallyovergreaterdistancesthancanmechanicaltypes.However,fluidsystemsarerestrictedtoshorterdistancesthanareelectricalsystems.

Hydraulicpowertransmissionsystemareconcernedwiththegeneration,modulation,andcontrolofpressureandflow,andingeneralsuchsystemsinclude:

Pumpswhichconvertavailablepowerfromtheprimemovertohydraulicpowerattheactuator.

Valveswhichcontrolthedirectionofpump-flow,thelevelofpowerproduced,andtheamountoffluid-flowtotheactuators.Thepowerlevelisdeterminedbycontrollingboththeflowandpressurelevel.

Actuatorswhichconverthydraulicpowertousablemechanicalpoweroutputatthepointrequired.

Themedium,whichisaliquid,providesrigidtransmissionandcontrolaswellaslubricationofcomponents,sealinginvalves,andcoolingofthesystem.

Connectorswhichlinkthevarioussystemcomponents,providepowerconductorsforthefluidunderpressure,andfluidflowreturntotank（reservoir）.

Fluidstorageandconditioningequipmentwhichensuresufficientqualityandquantityaswellascoolingofthefluid.

Hydraulicsystemsareusedinindustrialapplicationssuchasstampingpresses,steelmills,andgeneralmanufacturing,agriculturalmachines,miningindustry,aviation,spacetechnology,deep-seaexploration,transportation,marinetechnology,andoffshoregaspetroleumexploration.Inshort,veryfewpeoplegetthroughadayoftheirliveswithoutsomehowbenefitingfromthetechnologyofhydraulics.

Thesecretofhydraulicsystem’ssuccessandwidespreaduseisitsversatilityandmanageability.Fluidpowerisnothinderedbythegeometryofthemachineasisthecaseinmechanicalsystems.Also,powercanbetransmittedinalmostlimitlessquantitiesbecausefluidsystemsarenotsolimitedbythephysicallimitationsofmaterialsasaretheelectricalsystems.Forexample,theperformanceofanelectromagnetislimitedbythesaturationlimitofsteel.Ontheotherhand,thepowerlimitoffluidsystemsislimitedonlybythestrengthcapacityofthematerial.

Industryisgoingtodependmoreandmoreonautomationinordertoincreaseproductivity.Thisincludesremoteanddirectcontrolofproductionoperations,manufacturingprocesses,andmaterialshandling.Fluidpoweristhemuscleofautomationbecauseofadvantagesinthefollowingfourmajorcategories.

1.Easeandaccuracyofcontrol.Bytheuseofsimpleleversandpushbuttons,theoperatorofafluidpowersystemscanreadilystart,stop,speeduporslowdown,andpositionforcewhichprovideanydesiredhorsepowerwithtolerancesaspreciseasoneten-thousandthofaninch.

2.Multiplicationofforce.Afluidpowersystem（withoutusingcumbersomegears,pulleys,andlevers）canmultiplyforcessimplyandefficientlyfromafractionofanouncetoseveralhundredtonsofoutput.

3.Constantforceortorque.Onlyfluidpowersystemsarecapableofprovidingconstantforceortorqueregardlessofspeedchanges.Thisisaccomplishedwhethertheworkoutputmovesafewinchesperhour,severalhundredinchesperminute,afewrevolutionsperhour,orthousandsofrevolutionsperminute.

4.Simplicity,safety,economy.Ingeneral,fluidpowersystemsusefewermovingpartsthancomparablemechanicalorelectricalsystems.Thus,theyaresimplertomaintainandoperate.This,inturn,maximizessafety,compactness,andreliability.Forexample,anewpowersteeringcontroldesignedhasmadeallotherkindsofpowersystemsobsoleteonmanyoff-highwayvehicles.Thesteeringunitconsistsofamanuallyoperateddirectionalcontrolvalveandmeterinasinglebody.Becausethesterringunitisfullyfluid-linked,mechanicallinkages,universaljoints,bearings,reductiongears,ect.areeliminated.Thisprovidesasimple,compactsystems.Inaddition,verylittleinputtorqueisrequiredtoproducethecontrolneededforthetoughestapplications.Thisisimportantwherelimitationsofcontrolspacerequireasmallsterringwheelanditbecomesnecessarytoreduceoperatorfatigue.

Additionalbenefitsoffluidpowersystemsincludeinstantlyreversiblemotion,automaticprotectionagainstoverloads,andinfinitelyvariablespeedcontrol.Fluidpowersystemsalsohavethehighesthorsepowerperweightratioofanyknownpowersource.Inspiteofallthesehighlydesirablefeaturesoffluidpower,itisnotapanaceaforallpo