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哈佛公开课公正课中英字幕第三节
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公正课\N迈克尔·桑德尔教授主讲第三讲《给生命标价》
上节课我们讨论了\Lasttime,wearguedabout
女王诉达德利和斯蒂芬斯案\thecaseofQueenversusDudleyandStevens,
即救生艇的案例\thelifeboatcase,
海上食人惨案\thecaseofcannibalismatsea.
带着对救生艇上发生事件的讨论\Andwiththeargumentsaboutthelifeboatinmind,
即对达德利和斯蒂芬斯行为赞同与否的讨论\theargumentsforandagainstwhatDudleyandStephensdidinmind,
让我们再回归\let'sturnbacktothephilosophy,
杰里米·边沁的功利主义哲学\theutilitarianphilosophyofJeremyBentham.
边沁1748年生于英格兰\BenthamwasborninEnglandin1748.
12岁进入牛津大学\Attheageof12,hewenttoOxford.
15岁入读法学院\At15,hewenttolawschool.
19岁取得律师资格\HewasadmittedtotheBaratage19
但从没当过律师\butheneverpracticedlaw.
而是将毕生精力献给了法学和道德哲学\Instead,hedevotedhislifetojurisprudenceandmoralphilosophy.
上节课我们开始\Lasttime,webeganto
思考边沁的功利主义\considerBentham'sversionofutilitarianism.
他的主要观点简单明确就是\Themainideaissimplystatedandit'sthis:
道德的最高准则\Thehighestprincipleofmorality,
无论是个人道德还是政治道德\whetherpersonalorpoliticalmorality,
都是最大化公共福利或曰集体幸福感\istomaximizethegeneralwelfare,orthecollectivehappiness,
或者说权衡苦乐将幸福最大化\ortheoverallbalanceofpleasureoverpain;
一句话功利最大化\inaphrase,maximizeutility.
边沁是这样论证这一原则的\Benthamarrivesatthisprinciplebythefollowinglineofreasoning:
我们都受到痛苦和快乐的支配\We'reallgovernedbypainandpleasure,
苦乐是我们至高无上的主宰\theyareoursovereignmasters,
因此任何道德体系都应考虑到它们\andsoanymoralsystemhastotakeaccountofthem.
最好怎样考虑呢通过最大化\Howbesttotakeaccount?
Bymaximizing.
从而引出"为最多的人谋求最大的幸福"这一原则\Andthisleadstotheprincipleofthegreatestgoodforthegreatestnumber.
我们到底该最大化什么呢\Whatexactlyshouldwemaximize?
边沁说应最大化幸福\Benthamtellsushappiness,
或更精确来说最大化功利\ormoreprecisely,utility
功利最大化原则不只针对个人\maximizingutilityasaprinciplenotonlyforindividuals
也适用于共同体及立法者\butalsoforcommunitiesandforlegislators.
边沁问到底什么是共同体\"What,afterall,isacommunity?
"Benthamasks.
共同体是其成员的集合\It'sthesumoftheindividualswhocompriseit.
所以在制定最优政策时\Andthat'swhyindecidingthebestpolicy,
制定法律时决定何谓公正时\indecidingwhatthelawshouldbe,indecidingwhat'sjust,
公民和立法者应扪心自问这个问题\citizensandlegislatorsshouldaskthemselvesthequestion
当用政策带来的总效益\ifweaddupallofthebenefitsofthispolicy
减去总成本\andsubtractallofthecosts,
正确的选择应该是\therightthingtodoistheone
减去苦难后幸福最大化的那一个\thatmaximizesthebalanceofhappinessoversuffering.
这就是所谓功利最大化\That'swhatitmeanstomaximizeutility.
今天我想听听\Now,today,Iwanttosee
你们是否赞同这点\whetheryouagreeordisagreewithit,
功利主义的逻辑\anditoftengoes,thisutilitarianlogic,
通常被称作成本效益分析\underthenameofcost-benefitanalysis,
一再被企业和政府运用\whichisusedbycompaniesandbygovernmentsallthetime.
其做法包括作出估价\Andwhatitinvolvesisplacingavalue,
通常是估计出金额来代表功利\usuallyadollarvalue,tostandforutility
即分别列出成本和各项收益的金额\onthecostsandthebenefitsofvariousproposals.
最近捷克共和国\Recently,intheCzechRepublic,
有一个增加香烟消费税的提案\therewasaproposaltoincreasetheexcisetaxonsmoking.
烟草公司菲利普·莫里斯公司\PhilipMorris,thetobaccocompany,
在捷克共和国的生意做得很大\doeshugebusinessintheCzechRepublic.
他们资助了一项研究\Theycommissionedastudy,
进行在捷克吸烟的成本效益分析\acost-benefitanalysisofsmokingintheCzechRepublic,
分析结果显示\andwhattheircost-benefitanalysisfoundwas
让捷克人民吸烟能让政府获利\thegovernmentgainsbyhavingCzechcitizenssmoke.
那政府如何获利呢\Now,howdotheygain?
它确实会对捷克政府的\It'struethattherearenegativeeffects
公共财政产生负效应\tothepublicfinanceoftheCzechgovernment
因为吸烟造成的疾病\becausethereareincreasedhealthcarecosts
会增加医疗支出\forpeoplewhodevelopsmoking-relateddiseases.
但另一方面也有正效应\Ontheotherhand,therewerepositiveeffects
它们被记在账目的另一侧\andthosewereaddedupontheothersideoftheledger.
正效应主要来自\Thepositiveeffectsincluded,forthemostpart,
销售香烟为政府带来的\varioustaxrevenuesthatthegovernmentderives
各项税收\fromthesaleofcigaretteproducts,
但还包括\butitalsoincluded
人们早逝为政府节省的医疗支出\healthcaresavingstothegovernmentwhenpeopledieearly,
免去的养老金\pensionsavings...
政府不需要继续支付养老金\youdon'thavetopaypensionsforaslong
还省去了老年人的住房开支\andalso,savingsinhousingcostsfortheelderly.
当把总成本和各项收益分别加总\Andwhenallofthecostsandbenefitswereaddedup,
菲利普·莫里斯公司的研究表明\thePhilipMorrisstudyfoundthat
捷克共和国公共财政将获得\thereisanetpublicfinancegain
一亿四千七百万的净收益\intheCzechRepublicof$147,000,000,
算上住房医疗养老金方面节省的开支\andgiventhesavingsinhousing,inhealthcare,andpensioncosts,
政府从每个因吸烟早逝的人身上\thegovernmentenjoyssavingsofover$1,200foreachperson
赚得超过1200美元\whodiesprematurelyduetosmoking.
成本效益分析\Cost-benefitanalysis.
在座功利主义的支持者们\Now,thoseamongyouwhoaredefendersofutilitarianism
可能觉得这个研究不公\maythinkthatthisisanunfairtest.
菲利普·莫里斯公司遭到媒体谴责\PhilipMorriswaspilloriedinthepress
他们为这项冷血的计算公开道歉\andtheyissuedanapologyforthisheartlesscalculation.
你也许会说\Youmaysay
这里无疑忽略了\thatwhat'smissinghereissomething
功利主义者认为应当包含的部分\thattheutilitariancaneasilyincorporate,
即那些死于肺癌的患者本身\namelythevaluetotheperson
加上其家属的价值\andtothefamiliesofthosewhodiefromlungcancer.
怎么能忽略生命的价值呢\Whataboutthevalueoflife?
有些成本效益分析\Somecost-benefitanalyses
确实计算了生命的价值\incorporateameasureforthevalueoflife.
其中最著名的是福特平托的案例\OneofthemostfamousoftheseinvolvedtheFordPintocase.
有人读过吗\Didanyofyoureadaboutthat?
当时是二十世纪七十年代\Thiswasbackinthe1970s.
还有人知道福特平托是什么车吗\DoyourememberwhattheFordPintowas,akindofcar?
Anybody?
它是一种小型次紧凑型车风靡一时\Itwasasmallcar,subcompactcar,verypopular,
但它有一个缺陷\butithadoneproblem,
油箱装在车的尾部\whichisthefueltankwasatthebackofthecar
发生追尾时油箱就会爆炸\andinrearcollisions,thefueltankexploded
造成了严重伤亡\andsomepeoplewerekilledandsomeseverelyinjured.
受害者一纸诉状将福特告上了法庭\VictimsoftheseinjuriestookFordtocourttosue.
案件审理中发现\Andinthecourtcase,itturnedout
福特早就知道油箱的缺陷\thatFordhadlongsinceknownaboutthevulnerablefueltank
还进行了成本效益分析\andhaddoneacost-benefitanalysis
来决定是否值得装上一面特殊的隔板\todeterminewhetheritwouldbeworthittoputinaspecialshield
以保护油箱防止油箱爆炸\thatwouldprotectthefueltankandpreventitfromexploding.
该分析指出\Theydidacost-benefitanalysis.
能增加平托安全性的隔板\ThecostperparttoincreasethesafetyofthePinto,
每块成本是11美元\theycalculatedat$11.00perpart.
这就是审判时发现的成本效益分析\Andhere's...thiswasthecost-benefitanalysisthatemergedinthetrial.
给1250万辆轿车和卡车配上11美元的隔板\Elevendollarsperpartat12.5millioncarsandtrucks
提高安全性共需花费一亿三千七百万美元\cametoatotalcostof$137milliontoimprovethesafety.
但接着又算出\Butthentheycalculated
花这些钱提高安全性能带来的收益\thebenefitsofspendingallthismoneyonasafercar
预计可减少180例死亡\andtheycounted180deaths
因车祸死亡预计每条人命20万美元\andtheyassignedadollarvalue,$200,000perdeath,
可减少180例伤残每例67000美元\180injuries,$67,000,
加上车辆维修费用\andthenthecoststorepair,
无此安全装置车会完全损毁\thereplacementcostfor2,000vehicles,
所以需算上2000辆汽车的重置成本每辆700美元\itwouldbedestroyedwithoutthesafetydevice$700pervehicle.
收益最后只有4950万\Sothebenefitsturnedouttobeonly$49.5million
因此他们没有安装该装置\andsotheydidn'tinstallthedevice.
不用说\Needlesstosay,
当福特汽车公司的这份成本效益分析备忘录\whenthismemooftheFordMotorCompany'scost-benefitanalysis
在审理时被公之于众\cameoutinthetrial,
陪审团大为震怒判定巨额赔偿\itappalledthejurors,whoawardedahugesettlement.
这算是功利主义计算思路的反例吗\Isthisacounterexampletotheutilitarianideaofcalculating?
因为福特计算了生命的价值\BecauseFordincludedameasureofthevalueoflife.
现在就这个明显的反例\Now,whoherewantstodefendcost-benefitanalysis
有谁想为成本效益分析辩护\fromthisapparentcounterexample?
有谁辩护\Whohasadefense?
还是你们认为它完全推翻了\Ordoyouthinkthiscompletelydestroys
功利主义的演算\thewholeutilitariancalculus?
请说\Yes?
我觉得他们犯了与前面案例\Well,Ithinkthatonceagain,they'vemadethesamemistake
相同的错误\thepreviouscasedid,
量化了生命的价值\thattheyassignedadollarvaluetohumanlife,
但同样的\andonceagain,
他们没有考虑受害者家人承受的\theyfailedtotakeaccountthingslikesuffering
痛苦和精神损失\andemotionallossesbythefamilies.
他们不但家庭收入受损还丧失了亲人\Imean,familieslostearningsbuttheyalsolostalovedone
那损失远不止20万美元\andthatismorevaluedthan$200,000.
没错等等说得好你叫什么名字\Rightand...wait,wait,wait,that'sgood.What'syourname?
朱莉·罗托\JulieRoteau.
朱莉要是20万美金不够\Soif$200,000,Julie,istoolowafigure
因为没有算丧失亲人\becauseitdoesn'tincludethelossofalovedone
和生命的损失\andthelossofthoseyearsoflife,
那你认为什么数目更合适\whatwouldbewhatdoyouthinkwouldbeamoreaccuratenumber?
我无法给出数目\Idon'tbelieveIcouldgiveanumber.
我觉得这种分析\Ithinkthatthissortofanalysis
不应该用在人的生命这个问题上\shouldn'tbeappliedtoissuesofhumanlife.
人命不能用金钱衡量\Ithinkitcan'tbeusedmonetarily.
所以朱莉认为他们不是定价太低\Sotheydidn'tjustputtoolowanumber,Juliesays.
他们压根就不该定价\Theywerewrongtotrytoputanynumberatall.
那好让我们听听别人...\Allright,let'shearsomeonewho...
你必须考虑通胀\Youhavetoadjustforinflation.
你必须考虑通胀\Youhavetoadjustforinflation.
行啊有道理\Allright,fairenough.
那如今应该是多少\Sowhatwouldthenumberbenow?
那是35年前\Thiswas35yearsago.
两百万美元\Twomilliondollars.
两百万美元你会定价两百万吗\Twomilliondollars?
Youwouldputtwomillion?
你叫什么名字\Andwhat'syourname?
佛伊泰克\Voytek
佛伊泰克说我们必须考虑通胀\Voyteksayswehavetoallowforinflation.
应该更慷慨些\Weshouldbemoregenerous.
这样你就满意了吗\Thenwouldyoubesatisfiedthat
这样思考这个问题就可以了吗\thisistherightwayofthinkingaboutthequestion?
我觉得不幸的是...\Iguess,unfortunately,itisfor...
有时确实需要标价\thereneedstobeanumberputsomewhere,
不过我不确定具体数字\like,I'mnotsurewhatthatnumberwouldbe,
但我确实认同\butIdoagreethat
人的生命也许可以被标价\therecouldpossiblybeanumberputonthehumanlife.
很好所以佛伊泰克不同意朱莉的看法\Allright,soVoyteksays,andhere,hedisagreeswithJulie.
朱莉认为我们不该为了成本效益分析\Juliesayswecan'tputanumberonhumanlife
给人的生命标价\forthepurposeofacost-benefitan