哈佛公开课公正课中英字幕 第三节.docx

1、哈佛公开课公正课中英字幕 第三节制作人：心舟 QQ：1129441083 欢迎交流公正课N迈克尔桑德尔教授主讲第三讲 给生命标价上节课 我们讨论了Last time, we argued about女王诉达德利和斯蒂芬斯案the case of Queen versus Dudley and Stevens,即救生艇的案例the lifeboat case,海上食人惨案the case of cannibalism at sea.带着对救生艇上发生事件的讨论And with the arguments about the lifeboat in mind,即对达德利和斯蒂芬斯行为赞同与否的讨论

2、the arguments for and against what Dudley and Stephens did in mind,让我们再回归lets turn back to the philosophy,杰里米边沁的功利主义哲学the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham.边沁 1748年生于英格兰Bentham was born in England in 1748.12岁 进入牛津大学At the age of 12, he went to Oxford.15岁 入读法学院At 15, he went to law school.19岁取

3、得律师资格He was admitted to the Bar at age 19但从没当过律师but he never practiced law.而是将毕生精力献给了法学和道德哲学Instead, he devoted his life to jurisprudence and moral philosophy.上节课 我们开始Last time, we began to思考边沁的功利主义consider Benthams version of utilitarianism.他的主要观点简单明确 就是The main idea is simply stated and its this:道

4、德的最高准则The highest principle of morality,无论是个人道德还是政治道德whether personal or political morality,都是最大化公共福利 或曰集体幸福感is to maximize the general welfare, or the collective happiness,或者说权衡苦乐 将幸福最大化or the overall balance of pleasure over pain;一句话 功利最大化in a phrase, maximize utility.边沁是这样论证这一原则的Bentham arrives a

5、t this principle by the following line of reasoning:我们都受到痛苦和快乐的支配Were all governed by pain and pleasure,苦乐是我们至高无上的主宰they are our sovereign masters,因此任何道德体系都应考虑到它们and so any moral system has to take account of them.最好怎样考虑呢 通过最大化How best to take account? By maximizing.从而引出为最多的人谋求最大的幸福这一原则And this lead

6、s to the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number.我们到底该最大化什么呢What exactly should we maximize?边沁说 应最大化幸福Bentham tells us happiness,或更精确来说 最大化功利or more precisely, utility功利最大化原则 不只针对个人maximizing utility as a principle not only for individuals也适用于共同体及立法者but also for communities and for le

7、gislators.边沁问 到底什么是共同体What, after all, is a community? Bentham asks.共同体 是其成员的集合Its the sum of the individuals who comprise it.所以在制定最优政策时And thats why in deciding the best policy,制定法律时 决定何谓公正时in deciding what the law should be, in deciding whats just,公民和立法者应扪心自问这个问题citizens and legislators should ask

8、 themselves the question当用政策带来的总效益if we add up all of the benefits of this policy减去总成本and subtract all of the costs,正确的选择应该是the right thing to do is the one减去苦难后 幸福最大化的那一个that maximizes the balance of happiness over suffering.这就是所谓功利最大化Thats what it means to maximize utility.今天 我想听听Now, today, I wan

9、t to see你们是否赞同这点whether you agree or disagree with it,功利主义的逻辑and it often goes, this utilitarian logic,通常被称作成本效益分析under the name of cost-benefit analysis,一再被企业和政府运用which is used by companies and by governments all the time.其做法包括 作出估价And what it involves is placing a value,通常是估计出金额 来代表功利usually a dol

10、lar value, to stand for utility即分别列出成本 和各项收益的金额on the costs and the benefits of various proposals.最近 捷克共和国Recently, in the Czech Republic,有一个增加香烟消费税的提案there was a proposal to increase the excise tax on smoking.烟草公司 菲利普莫里斯公司Philip Morris, the tobacco company,在捷克共和国的生意做得很大does huge business in the Cze

11、ch Republic.他们资助了一项研究They commissioned a study,进行在捷克吸烟的成本效益分析a cost-benefit analysis of smoking in the Czech Republic,分析结果显示and what their cost-benefit analysis found was让捷克人民吸烟 能让政府获利the government gains by having Czech citizens smoke.那政府如何获利呢Now, how do they gain?它确实会对捷克政府的Its true that there are

12、negative effects公共财政产生负效应to the public finance of the Czech government因为吸烟造成的疾病because there are increased health care costs会增加医疗支出for people who develop smoking-related diseases.但另一方面 也有正效应On the other hand, there were positive effects它们被记在账目的另一侧and those were added up on the other side of the ledg

13、er.正效应主要来自The positive effects included, for the most part,销售香烟为政府带来的various tax revenues that the government derives各项税收from the sale of cigarette products,但还包括but it also included人们早逝为政府节省的医疗支出health care savings to the government when people die early,免去的养老金pension savings.政府不需要继续支付养老金you dont ha

14、ve to pay pensions for as long还省去了老年人的住房开支and also, savings in housing costs for the elderly.当把总成本 和各项收益分别加总And when all of the costs and benefits were added up,菲利普莫里斯公司的研究表明the Philip Morris study found that捷克共和国公共财政将获得there is a net public finance gain一亿四千七百万的净收益in the Czech Republic of $147,000,0

15、00,算上住房 医疗 养老金方面节省的开支and given the savings in housing,in health care, and pension costs,政府从每个因吸烟早逝的人身上the government enjoys savings of over $1,200 for each person赚得超过1200美元who dies prematurely due to smoking.成本效益分析Cost-benefit analysis.在座功利主义的支持者们Now, those among you who are defenders of utilitarian

16、ism可能觉得这个研究不公may think that this is an unfair test.菲利普莫里斯公司遭到媒体谴责Philip Morris was pilloried in the press他们为这项冷血的计算公开道歉and they issued an apology for this heartless calculation.你也许会说You may say这里无疑忽略了that whats missing here is something功利主义者认为应当包含的部分that the utilitarian can easily incorporate,即那些死于肺

17、癌的患者本身namely the value to the person加上其家属的价值and to the families of those who die from lung cancer.怎么能忽略生命的价值呢What about the value of life?有些成本效益分析Some cost-benefit analyses确实计算了生命的价值incorporate a measure for the value of life.其中最著名的是福特平托的案例One of the most famous of these involved the Ford Pinto case

18、.有人读过吗Did any of you read about that?当时是二十世纪七十年代This was back in the 1970s.还有人知道福特平托是什么车吗Do you remember what the Ford Pinto was, a kind of car? Anybody?它是一种小型 次紧凑型车 风靡一时It was a small car, subcompact car, very popular,但它有一个缺陷but it had one problem,油箱装在车的尾部which is the fuel tank was at the back of t

19、he car发生追尾时 油箱就会爆炸and in rear collisions, the fuel tank exploded造成了严重伤亡and some people were killed and some severely injured.受害者一纸诉状将福特告上了法庭Victims of these injuries took Ford to court to sue.案件审理中发现And in the court case, it turned out福特早就知道油箱的缺陷that Ford had long since known about the vulnerable fu

20、el tank还进行了成本效益分析and had done a cost-benefit analysis来决定是否值得装上一面特殊的隔板to determine whether it would be worth it to put in a special shield以保护油箱 防止油箱爆炸that would protect the fuel tank and prevent it from exploding.该分析指出They did a cost-benefit analysis.能增加平托安全性的隔板The cost per part to increase the safet

21、y of the Pinto,每块成本是11美元they calculated at $11.00 per part.这就是 审判时发现的成本效益分析And heres. this was the cost-benefit analysis that emerged in the trial.给1250万辆轿车和卡车配上11美元的隔板Eleven dollars per part at 12.5 million cars and trucks提高安全性 共需花费一亿三千七百万美元came to a total cost of $137 million to improve the safety

22、.但接着又算出But then they calculated花这些钱提高安全性 能带来的收益the benefits of spending all this money on a safer car预计可减少180例死亡and they counted 180 deaths因车祸死亡 预计每条人命20万美元and they assigned a dollar value, $200,000 per death,可减少180例伤残 每例67000美元180 injuries, $67,000,加上车辆维修费用and then the costs to repair,无此安全装置车会完全损毁t

23、he replacement cost for 2,000 vehicles,所以需算上2000辆汽车的重置成本 每辆700美元it would be destroyed without the safety device $700 per vehicle.收益最后只有4950万So the benefits turned out to be only $49.5 million因此他们没有安装该装置and so they didnt install the device.不用说Needless to say,当福特汽车公司的这份成本效益分析备忘录when this memo of the F

24、ord Motor Companys cost-benefit analysis在审理时被公之于众came out in the trial,陪审团大为震怒 判定巨额赔偿it appalled the jurors, who awarded a huge settlement.这算是功利主义计算思路的反例吗Is this a counterexample to the utilitarian idea of calculating?因为福特计算了生命的价值Because Ford included a measure of the value of life.现在 就这个明显的反例Now, w

25、ho here wants to defend cost-benefit analysis有谁想为成本效益分析辩护from this apparent counter example?有谁辩护Who has a defense?还是你们认为它完全推翻了Or do you think this completely destroys功利主义的演算the whole utilitarian calculus?请说Yes?我觉得他们犯了与前面案例Well, I think that once again, theyve made the same mistake相同的错误the previous c

26、ase did,量化了生命的价值that they assigned a dollar value to human life,但同样的and once again,他们没有考虑受害者家人承受的they failed to take account things like suffering痛苦和精神损失and emotional losses by the families.他们不但家庭收入受损 还丧失了亲人I mean, families lost earnings but they also lost a loved one那损失远不止20万美元and that is more valu

27、ed than $200,000.没错 等等 说得好 你叫什么名字Right and. wait, wait, wait, thats good. Whats your name?朱莉罗托Julie Roteau .朱莉 要是20万美金不够So if $200,000, Julie, is too low a figure因为没有算丧失亲人because it doesnt include the loss of a loved one和生命的损失and the loss of those years of life,那你认为什么数目更合适what would be what do you t

28、hink would be a more accurate number?我无法给出数目I dont believe I could give a number.我觉得这种分析I think that this sort of analysis不应该用在人的生命这个问题上shouldnt be applied to issues of human life.人命不能用金钱衡量I think it cant be used monetarily.所以朱莉认为他们不是定价太低So they didnt just put too low a number, Julie says.他们压根就不该定价T

29、hey were wrong to try to put any number at all.那好 让我们听听别人.All right, lets hear someone who.你必须考虑通胀You have to adjust for inflation.你必须考虑通胀You have to adjust for inflation.行啊 有道理All right, fair enough.那如今应该是多少So what would the number be now?那是35年前This was 35 years ago.两百万美元Two million dollars.两百万美元 你

30、会定价两百万吗Two million dollars? You would put two million?你叫什么名字And whats your name?佛伊泰克Voytek佛伊泰克说我们必须考虑通胀Voytek says we have to allow for inflation.应该更慷慨些We should be more generous.这样你就满意了吗Then would you be satisfied that这样思考这个问题就可以了吗this is the right way of thinking about the question?我觉得 不幸的是.I gues

31、s, unfortunately, it is for.有时确实需要标价there needs to be a number put somewhere,不过我不确定具体数字like, Im not sure what that number would be,但我确实认同but I do agree that人的生命也许可以被标价there could possibly be a number put on the human life.很好 所以佛伊泰克 不同意朱莉的看法All right, so Voytek says, and here, he disagrees with Julie.朱莉认为 我们不该为了成本效益分析Julie says we cant put a number on human life给人的生命标价for the purpose of a cost-benefit an