Citriculture柑橘栽培.docx
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Citriculture柑橘栽培
柑橘栽培技术
Citriculture
中国农业专家组刘俊
ChineseAgriculturalMission
柑橘(Citrus)起源于东南亚,有许多的种属,主要有橙子、葡萄柚、柠檬及可剥皮的种属。
常绿小乔木或灌木,高约2m。
小枝较细弱,无毛,通常有刺。
叶长卵状披针形,长4~8cm。
花黄白色,单生或簇生叶腋。
果扁球形,径5~7cm,橙黄色或橙红色,果皮薄易剥离。
春季开花,10~12月果熟。
性喜温暖湿润气候。
CitrusoriginatedfromSoutheastAsia,whichhasmanyvarieties,mainlyareorange,grapefruit,lemonandotherpeelablekinds.Smallevergreentreeorshrubisabout2meterstall;branchletsareslim,fragileandhairless,usuallywiththorns;longovate-lanceolateleavesareabout4-8centimeters;flowersareyellow-white,groweithersolitaryorinclustersatleafaxils.Fruitsareoblate,5-7centimetersindiameter,whichareorange-yellowororange-red,withthinandpeelablerind.Thisvarietybloomsinspringandbearsin10-12months,whichlikeswarmandmoistclimate.
1、园地选择
Gardenalternation
柑橘园地要求土层深厚、排水透气良好、有机质丰富、灌溉方便、交通便利。
丘陵、山地海拔高度在800米以下,坡度在25°以下。
排水不良的低洼地,在5°以下的缓坡地、江河两岸建园时,必须注意排水。
可利用自然屏障及大水体对气温的调节作用,在其周围建园。
建园对于周围环境有较大的要求,要求生产的柑橘健壮无病虫害必须充分了解周边的空气质量、灌溉水质、土壤环境质量等等。
Citrusgardenrequiresdeepsoilhorizon,gooddrainageandventilationcondition,organic-rich,convenientirrigationandconvenienttransportation.Hills,mountainsatanaltitudelowerthan800meters,anascentsmallerthan25degreearesuitableforplanting;gooddrainagesystemsarenecessaryforplaceslikelow-lyingland,flatlandatanascentlowerthan5degreeorbothsidesofriversorlakes.Itisavailabletobuildgardensbytakingadvantageofnaturalbarriersandmoderationthatwateractsonatmosphere.Buildingagoodenvironmentforthegarden,toplantstronganddisease-freecitrus,mustdosurveyofthesurroundingair,irrigationwater,andsoilqualityetc.
1.1栽植季节
Plantingseason
柑橘一般春季2月下旬至3月中旬春梢萌动前栽植。
也可在秋季10~11月中旬栽植;春夏4~5月份春梢停止生长后至夏梢抽生前栽植成活率也高;容器育苗四季均可栽植。
TherightseasontoplantcitrusislateFebruarytoearlyMarchbeforethebuddingperiodofspringtip.OrduringmidOctoberormidNovemberinautumn;orApriltoMay,fromspringtipstopgrowingtosummertipbeginshooting,thesurvivalrateofplantsishighaswell.Containerseedlingpropagationwouldbeadaptedtofourseasons.
1.2栽培方式
Cultivation
柑橘栽培最常见的间距4X6米,但当前有一种倾向就是用不同的种植方法使柑橘在后期生长密植,因而4X3米甚至4X1.5米的间距也常采用。
其种植密度通常每公顷种植410株,密植情况下也有每公顷800甚至1600株的。
按1×1米的规格挖定植坑。
坑内施入杂草、垃圾肥、腐熟有机肥、过磷酸钙等基肥。
可春植,也可秋植。
Thecommonplantingspaceis4meterby6meter.Thereisatendencyoflettingcitrusplantsgrowconcentratedatthelatestage,sonormallyadopttheplantingspaceby4meterby3metereven4meterby1.5meter.Theplantingdensitywouldnormallybecome410plantsor800plantsperhectare,sometimeseven16000plants.Thestandardofplantingpitis1meterby1meter;anddistributebasedressinginsuchasweeds\compost\decomposeorganicmanureorsuperphosphatephosphate(SSP)etc;plantinspringorautumn.
2、柑橘树的管理
Managementofcitrusplant
2.1土壤管理
Soilmanagement
土壤是陆地表面由矿物质、有机质、水、空气和生物组成,具有肥力,能生长植物的未固结层。
柑橘在轻质土壤中生长良好,但如果采用了适宜的砧木并有良好的排水条件,柑橘也可在重壤土中生长。
pH值超过8.0的土壤对柑橘生长不利。
柑橘对土壤盐分和硼(即使是在深层土壤中)反应敏感,对板结的土壤也反应敏感。
柑橘根系主要分布在0.90米土层,并依灌溉情况而异。
绝大多数需氧的活动根系分布在表层30厘米的土层中。
在轻质土壤中,推荐使用的灌溉周期为每周2次,每天灌溉更好。
显然,由于在轻质土壤中水分容易渗透到活动根区以下,因而,经常而小量的灌溉将产生更好的效果。
Soilisconsistedofminerals,organiccompound,water,airandbiologicalcompositiononthesurfaceoftheland,whichhasfertilityandunconsolidatedhorizonthatplantscouldgrowonit.Citrusgrowswellinlightsoil,andwithsuitableparentalstockandgooddrainageitcouldgrowwellinheavyloamsoilaswell.PHofthesoilshouldbelowerthan8.0.Citrusissensitivetosalinityandboronofsoil(evenindeephorizonofsoil),andhardenedandimpervioussoil.Therootofcitrusmainlyspreadatthelayer0.9meterunderground,accordingtoirrigationstates.Mostoftheoxybionticactiverootsdistributedatthelayer30centimeterdeep.Plantinglightsoil,thesuggestedirrigationintervalistwiceaweek,betterirrigateeveryday;obviouslysincelightsoiliseasierforwaterpenetratingtoactiveroots,sohighfrequencyirrigationwithlesswaterwouldbemoreefficient.
2.2肥水管理
Fertilizerandwatermanagement
柑橘在干旱的月份需要灌溉,因此当干旱时,必须灌溉。
此外,脱水是危险的,它使果实水分流向叶片引起果实枯萎。
过去灌溉主要采用沟灌或树冠上部喷灌的方式,但喷灌有盐渍化的风险,沟灌可引起土壤透气性下降。
如今正倾向于使用滴灌和树冠下的微喷灌技术,呈带状灌溉,部分土表保持干燥。
Citrusrequiresirrigationduringdryseason,soirrigateisnecessarywhenitdrought.Inaddition,dehydrationisdangerouswhichleadthemoistureflowfromfruitstoleaves,causesfruitswithered.Inthepast,furrowirrigationandsprinklerirrigationattopofthetreearethemainwaysofirrigation,howeversprinklerirrigationhastheriskofsalinization,andfurrowirrigationwouldreducetheventilationofsoil.Nowirrigationmethodsareinclinedtodripirrigationandmicrosprayirrigationundercanopyofthetree,byzonaryirrigation,tokeeppartofthesurfacedry.
定植前未充分施用磷、钾肥的果园,应逐年增加磷、钾肥的施用;幼树定植后1个月,新根开始活动,可施稀粪水,施肥量宜少不宜多,宜淡不宜浓,尤其是化肥,施用时更应注意,以免伤根。
每次新梢抽发前和生长期均要施1~2次速效肥,力争1年抽3~4次梢,即2月底至3月初施春梢肥,5月中、下旬施夏梢肥,7月上、中旬施早秋梢肥,11月下旬施好冬肥。
定植后第二年,应逐渐加大施肥用量,结合改土施用有机肥料,增加磷、钾肥用量,酸性土加入适量的石灰,以培养密集根群和健壮的秋梢,为第三年结果打下基础,2~3年生树施肥,要抓住各次梢生长期间连续追肥,抽梢前半月左右施攻梢肥,发梢少的应追施1次攻梢肥;梢自剪或摘心后,追施1次壮梢肥,秋梢转绿后,追加2次粪水。
Thegardenhasn’taddedsufficientfertilizerwithPandKbeforeplantingshouldgraduallyincreasetheamountoffertilizerwithPandKyearbyyear.Applingslurryonemonthafterplantingsaplings,asnewrootsbegintoactive;betternottoaddtoomuchconcentratedfertilizer,especiallycompoundfertilizer,incaseofdamagingtheroots.Everytimebeforeshootingorgrowingperiod,addonceortwiceactivefertilizer,toget3-4timesoftipshooting,soapplyspringtipfertilizationattheendofFebruarytillthebeginofMarch,applysummertipfertilizationatmidtilllateMay,applyearlyautumntipfertilizationatearlytillmidJuly,applywinterfertilizeratlateNovember.Nextyearafterplanting,increasetheamountoffertilizergradually,andapplyorganicmanureaccordingtosoilcondition,applymorePandKfertilizer;properlimingtoacidsoiltocultivateconcentratedrootgroupandstrongautumntip,tolayfoundationfornextyear’sbearing.Takealltheopportunitiesofcontinuousapplyingfertilizertobiennialortriennialtrees,asanytipshoots.Halfamonthbeforeshooting,applytipshootingfertilization;applyoncetopdressingifitshootstoolesstips;ifappliedselftipcutortopremoval,topdressingoncewithtipstrongfertilization,andtopdressingtwiceslurry,whenautumntipturnedgreen.
施肥时应注意弱树、强树的差别。
为确保弱树三次正常生长,增加新梢数量,可在定植后第一年促其抽发夏梢,在夏梢长到7~8片叶时进行摘心并补肥,补肥后的夏梢充实粗壮,施肥促发出来的早秋梢健壮,可起到小肥养壮梢的作用。
定植后的第二年,弱枝的夏梢不宜短截,短截后因营养条件差,抽生的新梢生长势衰弱。
Toapplyproperfertilizer,payattentiontothedifferencebetweenweaktreesandstrongones.Toguaranteethreetimesregulargrowthofweaktrees,andincreasetheamountofnewtips,applytopremovalandtopdressingaftersummertiphas7-8leaves,afterthatsummertipwouldgrowstrong,andearlyautumntipenhancedbythedressingwouldbestrongaswell,asaneffectoflessfertilizercultivatestrongtips,atthefirstyearafterplantingtoenhancesummertipshooting.Thesecondyear,donotshortsummertipsofweakbranches,asshorteningwouldcausebadnutrientcondition,thatnewtipswouldgrowweak.
2.3整形修剪
Pruning
整形修剪是依据树体生长特性和栽培目的,结合自然条件和管理技术水平,通过一定的外科手术等方法,将果树调整成具有相当稳定树形及生长发育空间的一项技术措施。
柑橘整形修剪的目的是“早结果、多结果、结好果、长结果”。
正确的整形和修剪能促进树体生长,使之尽早成形,尤其是果树枝干分布合理,树冠通风透光,树体结果稳定,这便于田间管理,提高生产工效,降低生产成本,增加经济效益。
对不同树龄的树来说,幼树尽量做到早结果、早丰产;成龄树做到优质、丰产,延长结果期限;衰老树种尽量做到及时更新,促进生长,保持产量。
Pruningisatechnicalmethod,basedongrowthfeatureoftreesandcultivationgoals,combinedwithnaturalenvironmentandmanagementtechnicallevel,adjusttreestoobtainastablegrowingshape,growinganddevelopingspacebymethodslikeexternalsurgery.Thegoalofcitruspruningistogetearlybearing,bearmorehighqualityfruitsandextendbearingperiod.Properpruningwouldboostgrowthoftreestogoodshape,especiallyinreasonabledistributionofstemandbranches,ventilationandtransmissionoftreecanopy,stablebearing,whichwouldleadtoeasierfieldmanagement,improveproductionefficiency,lowerproductioncost,andincreaseeconomicperformance.Astheagesoftreesaredifferent,trytoenhanceyounggrowthbearearlierandyieldearlier;enhancematurebearwithgoodquality,highyieldandextendbearingperiod;updatesenileintimetopromotegrowthandkeeptheamountofoutput.
2.4保花保果
Blossomandfruitprotection
针对落花落果现象应采取相应的保花保果措施。
Againstblossomandfruitdropping,applycorrespondingmeasuresarenecessary.
措施如下:
Measuresasfollowing:
①培育健壮的树势,积累充足养分,是保花保果的基础。
Cultivatedstrongtreevigor,accumulatedsufficientnutrientsarefoundationsofblossomandfruitprotection.
②保花保果必须先保叶,在果实的生长发育过程中,不同的柑橘品种其丰产树要求不同的叶果比。
Toprotectblossomandfruit,firstprotectleaves,asrequirementleaf-fruitratioofdifferentvarietyisdifferentwhilefruitsremainingrowthdevelopingcourse.
③利用植物生长调节剂保花保果,主要可以采用广增素、核苷酸类、细胞分裂素类等。
Useplantgrowthregulatortokeepblossomandfruit,mainlyincludesomatotropin\ucleotides\cytokininsetc.
④控制春梢,抹除夏梢。
Controlthegrowthofspringtipanderasesummertip.
⑤环割,选择生长健壮的树在4~6月份对4~5cm直径的侧枝在分叉4~5cm的地方环割两圈。
Girdling,choosestrongtreesandgirdletwocirclesat4-5centimeterabovethecrossofthe4-5centimeterdiameterbranchesfromApriltoJune.
⑥疏花蔬果,在稳果以后,分次疏除小果、过密果,以及接近地面隐藏的果实,保留发青正常的果实。
Blossomandfruitthinning,afterbearinggetregular,thinningsmallfruits,concentratedfruitsorhidedfruitsbytimes,toguaranteethegrowthofregulargreenfruits.
⑦辅助授粉,盛花期在晴天露水干后进行人工授粉。
Supplementarypollination,applyartificialsupplementarypollinationinsunnydaysafterdewgetdryduringfull-bloomstage.
2.5疏果
Fruitthinning
疏果适宜期为生理落果后,可于6月中下旬和7月中旬分两次进行,蔬果量可因树定产和按叶果比确定,蔬果时先去除病虫果、畸形果、伤果,再去除小果。
Thebesttimetoapplyfruitt