Citriculture柑橘栽培.docx

1、Citriculture柑橘栽培柑橘栽培技术Citriculture中国农业专家组 刘俊 Chinese Agricultural Mission柑橘（Citrus）起源于东南亚，有许多的种属，主要有橙子、葡萄柚、柠檬及可剥皮的种属。常绿小乔木或灌木，高约2m。小枝较细弱，无毛，通常有刺。叶长卵状披针形，长48cm。花黄白色，单生或簇生叶腋。果扁球形，径57cm，橙黄色或橙红色，果皮薄易剥离。春季开花，1012月果熟。性喜温暖湿润气候。Citrus originated from Southeast Asia, which has many varieties, mainly are oran

2、ge, grapefruit, lemon and other peelable kinds. Small evergreen tree or shrub is about 2 meters tall; branchlets are slim, fragile and hairless, usually with thorns; long ovate-lanceolate leaves are about 4-8 centimeters; flowers are yellow-white, grow either solitary or in clusters at leaf axils. F

3、ruits are oblate, 5-7 centimeters in diameter, which are orange-yellow or orange-red, with thin and peelable rind. This variety blooms in spring and bears in 10-12 months, which likes warm and moist climate.1、园地选择 Garden alternation柑橘园地要求土层深厚、排水透气良好、有机质丰富、灌溉方便、交通便利。丘陵、山地海拔高度在800米以下，坡度在25以下。排水不良的低洼地，

4、在5以下的缓坡地、江河两岸建园时，必须注意排水。可利用自然屏障及大水体对气温的调节作用，在其周围建园。建园对于周围环境有较大的要求，要求生产的柑橘健壮无病虫害必须充分了解周边的空气质量、灌溉水质、土壤环境质量等等。Citrus garden requires deep soil horizon, good drainage and ventilation condition, organic-rich, convenient irrigation and convenient transportation. Hills, mountains at an altitude lower than

5、800 meters, an ascent smaller than 25 degree are suitable for planting; good drainage systems are necessary for places like low-lying land, flat land at an ascent lower than 5 degree or both sides of rivers or lakes. It is available to build gardens by taking advantage of natural barriers and modera

6、tion that water acts on atmosphere. Building a good environment for the garden, to plant strong and disease-free citrus, must do survey of the surrounding air, irrigation water, and soil quality etc.1.1栽植季节 Planting season柑橘一般春季2月下旬至3月中旬春梢萌动前栽植。也可在秋季1011月中旬栽植；春夏45月份春梢停止生长后至夏梢抽生前栽植成活率也高；容器育苗四季均可栽植。Th

7、e right season to plant citrus is late February to early March before the budding period of spring tip. Or during mid October or mid November in autumn; or April to May, from spring tip stop growing to summer tip begin shooting, the survival rate of plants is high as well. Container seedling propaga

8、tion would be adapted to four seasons.1.2栽培方式 Cultivation柑橘栽培最常见的间距4X6米，但当前有一种倾向就是用不同的种植方法使柑橘在后期生长密植，因而4X3米甚至4X1.5米的间距也常采用。 其种植密度通常每公顷种植410株，密植情况下也有每公顷800甚至1600株的。按11米的规格挖定植坑。坑内施入杂草、垃圾肥、腐熟有机肥、过磷酸钙等基肥。可春植，也可秋植。The common planting space is 4 meter by 6 meter. There is a tendency of letting citrus plan

9、ts grow concentrated at the late stage, so normally adopt the planting space by 4 meter by 3 meter even 4 meter by 1.5 meter. The planting density would normally become 410 plants or 800plants per hectare, sometimes even 16000 plants. The standard of planting pit is 1 meter by 1 meter; and distribut

10、e base dressing in such as weeds compost decompose organic manure or superphosphate phosphate (SSP) etc; plant in spring or autumn. 2、柑橘树的管理Management of citrus plant2.1土壤管理 Soil management 土壤是陆地表面由矿物质、有机质、水、空气和生物组成，具有肥力，能生长植物的未固结层。柑橘在轻质土壤中生长良好，但如果采用了适宜的砧木并有良好的排水条件，柑橘也可在重壤土中生长。pH值超过8.0的土壤对柑橘生长不利。柑橘对

11、土壤盐分和硼（即使是在深层土壤中）反应敏感，对板结的土壤也反应敏感。柑橘根系主要分布在0.90米土层，并依灌溉情况而异。绝大多数需氧的活动根系分布在表层30厘米的土层中。在轻质土壤中，推荐使用的灌溉周期为每周2次，每天灌溉更好。显然，由于在轻质土壤中水分容易渗透到活动根区以下，因而，经常而小量的灌溉将产生更好的效果。Soil is consisted of minerals, organic compound, water, air and biological composition on the surface of the land, which has fertility and un

12、consolidated horizon that plants could grow on it. Citrus grows well in light soil, and with suitable parental stock and good drainage it could grow well in heavy loam soil as well. PH of the soil should be lower than 8.0. Citrus is sensitive to salinity and boron of soil (even in deep horizon of so

13、il), and hardened and impervious soil. The root of citrus mainly spread at the layer 0.9 meter underground, according to irrigation states. Most of the oxybiontic active roots distributed at the layer 30 centimeter deep. Planting light soil, the suggested irrigation interval is twice a week, better

14、irrigate every day; obviously since light soil is easier for water penetrating to active roots, so high frequency irrigation with less water would be more efficient.2.2肥水管理 Fertilizer and water management柑橘在干旱的月份需要灌溉，因此当干旱时，必须灌溉。此外，脱水是危险的，它使果实水分流向叶片引起果实枯萎。过去灌溉主要采用沟灌或树冠上部喷灌的方式，但喷灌有盐渍化的风险，沟灌可引起土壤透气性下降

15、。如今正倾向于使用滴灌和树冠下的微喷灌技术，呈带状灌溉，部分土表保持干燥。 Citrus requires irrigation during dry season, so irrigate is necessary when it drought. In addition, dehydration is dangerous which lead the moisture flow from fruits to leaves, causes fruits withered. In the past, furrow irrigation and sprinkler irrigation at t

16、op of the tree are the main ways of irrigation, however sprinkler irrigation has the risk of salinization, and furrow irrigation would reduce the ventilation of soil. Now irrigation methods are inclined to drip irrigation and micro spray irrigation under canopy of the tree, by zonary irrigation, to

17、keep part of the surface dry.定植前未充分施用磷、钾肥的果园，应逐年增加磷、钾肥的施用；幼树定植后1个月，新根开始活动，可施稀粪水，施肥量宜少不宜多，宜淡不宜浓，尤其是化肥，施用时更应注意，以免伤根。每次新梢抽发前和生长期均要施12次速效肥，力争1年抽34次梢，即2月底至3月初施春梢肥，5月中、下旬施夏梢肥，7月上、中旬施早秋梢肥，11月下旬施好冬肥。定植后第二年，应逐渐加大施肥用量，结合改土施用有机肥料，增加磷、钾肥用量，酸性土加入适量的石灰，以培养密集根群和健壮的秋梢，为第三年结果打下基础，23年生树施肥，要抓住各次梢生长期间连续追肥，抽梢前半月左右施攻梢肥，发

18、梢少的应追施1次攻梢肥；梢自剪或摘心后，追施1次壮梢肥，秋梢转绿后，追加2次粪水。The garden hasnt added sufficient fertilizer with P and K before planting should gradually increase the amount of fertilizer with P and K year by year. Appling slurry one month after planting saplings, as new roots begin to active; better not to add too much

19、concentrated fertilizer, especially compound fertilizer, in case of damaging the roots. Every time before shooting or growing period, add once or twice active fertilizer, to get 3-4 times of tip shooting, so apply spring tip fertilization at the end of February till the begin of March, apply summer

20、tip fertilization at mid till late May, apply early autumn tip fertilization at early till mid July, apply winter fertilizer at late November. Next year after planting, increase the amount of fertilizer gradually, and apply organic manure according to soil condition, apply more P and K fertilizer; p

21、roper liming to acid soil to cultivate concentrated root group and strong autumn tip, to lay foundation for next years bearing. Take all the opportunities of continuous applying fertilizer to biennial or triennial trees, as any tip shoots. Half a month before shooting, apply tip shooting fertilizati

22、on; apply once top dressing if it shoots too less tips; if applied self tip cut or top removal, top dressing once with tip strong fertilization, and top dressing twice slurry, when autumn tip turned green. 施肥时应注意弱树、强树的差别。为确保弱树三次正常生长，增加新梢数量，可在定植后第一年促其抽发夏梢，在夏梢长到78片叶时进行摘心并补肥，补肥后的夏梢充实粗壮，施肥促发出来的早秋梢健壮，可起到

23、小肥养壮梢的作用。定植后的第二年，弱枝的夏梢不宜短截，短截后因营养条件差，抽生的新梢生长势衰弱。 To apply proper fertilizer, pay attention to the difference between weak trees and strong ones. To guarantee three times regular growth of weak trees, and increase the amount of new tips, apply top removal and top dressing after summer tip has 7-8 lea

24、ves, after that summer tip would grow strong, and early autumn tip enhanced by the dressing would be strong as well, as an effect of less fertilizer cultivate strong tips, at the first year after planting to enhance summer tip shooting. The second year, do not short summer tips of weak branches, as

25、shortening would cause bad nutrient condition, that new tips would grow weak.2.3整形修剪 Pruning 整形修剪是依据树体生长特性和栽培目的，结合自然条件和管理技术水平，通过一定的外科手术等方法，将果树调整成具有相当稳定树形及生长发育空间的一项技术措施。柑橘整形修剪的目的是“早结果、多结果、结好果、长结果”。正确的整形和修剪能促进树体生长，使之尽早成形，尤其是果树枝干分布合理，树冠通风透光，树体结果稳定，这便于田间管理，提高生产工效，降低生产成本，增加经济效益。对不同树龄的树来说，幼树尽量做到早结果、早丰产；成龄

26、树做到优质、丰产，延长结果期限；衰老树种尽量做到及时更新，促进生长，保持产量。Pruning is a technical method, based on growth feature of trees and cultivation goals, combined with natural environment and management technical level, adjust trees to obtain a stable growing shape, growing and developing space by methods like external surgery

27、. The goal of citrus pruning is to get early bearing, bear more high quality fruits and extend bearing period. Proper pruning would boost growth of trees to good shape, especially in reasonable distribution of stem and branches, ventilation and transmission of tree canopy, stable bearing, which woul

28、d lead to easier field management, improve production efficiency, lower production cost, and increase economic performance. As the ages of trees are different, try to enhance young growth bear earlier and yield earlier; enhance mature bear with good quality, high yield and extend bearing period; upd

29、ate senile in time to promote growth and keep the amount of output.2.4保花保果 Blossom and fruit protection针对落花落果现象应采取相应的保花保果措施。Against blossom and fruit dropping, apply corresponding measures are necessary.措施如下：Measures as following:培育健壮的树势，积累充足养分，是保花保果的基础。Cultivated strong tree vigor, accumulated suff

30、icient nutrients are foundations of blossom and fruit protection.保花保果必须先保叶，在果实的生长发育过程中，不同的柑橘品种其丰产树要求不同的叶果比。To protect blossom and fruit, first protect leaves, as requirement leaf-fruit ratio of different variety is different while fruits remain in growth developing course.利用植物生长调节剂保花保果，主要可以采用广增素、核苷酸

31、类、细胞分裂素类等。Use plant growth regulator to keep blossom and fruit, mainly include somatotropin ucleotides cytokinins etc.控制春梢，抹除夏梢。Control the growth of spring tip and erase summer tip.环割，选择生长健壮的树在46月份对45cm直径的侧枝在分叉45cm的地方环割两圈。Girdling, choose strong trees and girdle two circles at 4-5 centimeter above

32、the cross of the 4-5 centimeter diameter branches from April to June.疏花蔬果，在稳果以后，分次疏除小果、过密果，以及接近地面隐藏的果实，保留发青正常的果实。Blossom and fruit thinning, after bearing get regular, thinning small fruits, concentrated fruits or hided fruits by times, to guarantee the growth of regular green fruits.辅助授粉，盛花期在晴天露水干后进行人工授粉。Supplementary pollination, apply artificial supplementary pollination in sunny days after dew get dry during full-bloom stage.2.5疏果 Fruit thinning疏果适宜期为生理落果后，可于6月中下旬和7月中旬分两次进行，蔬果量可因树定产和按叶果比确定，蔬果时先去除病虫果、畸形果、伤果，再去除小果。The best time to apply fruit t