99年考研英语真题张剑.docx

99年考研英语真题张剑.docx

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99年考研英语真题张剑

1999年年全真试题

PartⅠClozeTest

Directions：

Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.（10points）

Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies1lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem2andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a3ofaccidentfreeoperationsisestablished4timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.

Successfulsafetyprogramsmay5greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby6rulesorregulations.7othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.

Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety8.Thefewertheinjury9,thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat10orataloss.

1.［A］at［B］in［C］on［D］with

2.［A］alive［B］vivid［C］mobile［D］diverse

3.［A］regulation［B］climate［C］circumstance［D］requirement

4.［A］where［B］how［C］what［D］unless

5.［A］alter［B］differ［C］shift［D］distinguish

6.［A］constituting［B］aggravating［C］observing［D］justifying

7.［A］Some［B］Many［C］Even［D］Still

8.［A］comesoff［B］turnsup［C］paysoff［D］holdsup

9.［A］claims［B］reports［C］declarations［D］proclamations

10.［A］anadvantage［B］abenefit［C］aninterest［D］aprofit

PartⅡReadingComprehension

Directions:

Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.（40points）

Passage1

It’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes.

Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingeverlongerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight—surprise!

—falloff.Thelabelonachild’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertofly”.

Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary—thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample—andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.

Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.“We’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,”saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete’sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute—agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight—issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.“Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,”saysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.

11.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?

［A］Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.

［B］Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.

［C］Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.

［D］Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniespromised.

12.Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto.

［A］satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproducts

［B］becomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproducts

［C］makethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability

［D］feelobligedtoviewcustomers’safetyastheirfirstconcern

13.ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat.

［A］someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylaw

［B］helmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuries

［C］productlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded

［D］somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes

14.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe.

［A］biased［B］indifferent［C］puzzling［D］objective

Passage2

InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusinesstobusinesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor.

Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.“Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,”sayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateintranet.

AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto“pull”customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto“push”informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.

ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,Amazon.com,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.

15.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness.

［A］hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarket

［B］intendedtofollowafancifulfashion

［C］triedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket

［D］hasbeenboomingforoneyearorso

16.Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimpliesthat.

［A］thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusers

［B］businesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactions

［C］thereisaradicalchangeinstrategy

［D］itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartners

17.IntheviewofNetpurists,.

［A］thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture

［B］moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb

［C］theWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset

［D］thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests

18.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat.

［A］pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommerce

［B］interactivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomers

［C］leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesago

［D］settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpower

Passage3

Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction—indeed,contradiction—whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.

Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconc