考研英语试题与答案解析完整版.docx

考研英语试题与答案解析完整版.docx

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考研英语试题与答案解析完整版

2019年考研英语试题与答案解析（完整版）

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreach numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD ontheANSWERSHEET（10points）

    TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems, digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.  I  ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones  2  onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize,  3  yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou   4  cantfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate_5 tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.

    Whenyoufindyourselfwell  6  atrail,butnotinacompletely  7  area,youhaveto answertwoquestions:

Which  8  isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?

Andwhereisthenearest watersource?

Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater._9  ,if youheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,youshould  10   seesignsofpeople

   Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmaybe 11 howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

    Another  12  Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation. 13  evenindensefores,youshouldbeableto  14  gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve  15  thewoods.Headtowardthese 16   tofindawayout.Atmight canthehorizonfor 17  lightsourcessuchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglow oflightpollution.

     18  , assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe 19  we leaveonthelandscape.Trailblazestiretracks.andotherfeaturescan 20 youtocivilization.

1.

[A]Some 

[B]Most        

[C]Few          

[D]All

2.

[A]put     

[B]take          

[C]run            

[D]come

3.

[A]Since  

[B]If              

[C]Though      

[D]until 

4.

[A]Formally    

[B]relatively   

[C]gradually 

[D]literally

5.

[A]back 

[B]next           

[C]around     

[D] away

6.

[A]onto 

[B]off            

[C]across       

[D]alone

7.

[A]unattractive 

[B]uncrowded    

[C]unchanged 

[D]unfamiliar

8.

[A]site 

[B]point        

[C]way        

[D] place

9.

[A]So  

[B]Yet            

[C]Instead      

[D] Besides

10.

[A]immediately

[B]intentionally

[C]unexpectedly

[D]eventually

11.

[A]surprised 

[B]annoyed   

[C]frightened   

[D]confused

12

[A]problem 

[B]option      

[C]view            

[D]result

13.

[A]Aboveall 

[B] Incontrast  

[C]Onaverage   

[D]Forexample

14.

[A]bridge        

[B] avoid      

[C]spot           

[D]separate

15.

[A]form           

[B]through      

[C]beyond      

[D]Under

16. 

[A]posts       

[B]links           

[C] shades     

[D]breaks

17.

[A]artificial    

[B]mysterious   

[C]hidden       

[D]limited

18.

[A]Finally     

[B]Consequently 

[C]Incidentally     

[D]Generally

19.

[A]memories   

[B]marks       

[C]notes          

[D]belongings

20.

[A]restrict        

[B]adopt         

[C] lead       

[D] expose

SectionIIReadingComprehension

Part A

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts,Answerthequestions eachtextbychoosingAB.CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET（40points）

Text1

     FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear.anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed1oyearsiftheirbanks areunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis"clawback"ruleistohold bankersaccountableforharmfulrisktakingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution,Yet officialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:

morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanks butbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

    “Short-termism” orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies.saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagaintofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshallindescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike"Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce” ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeaten last. 

     TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain.henoteshasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemand highquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirmseffortstoinvestinlone-termresearch ortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"quarterlycapitalism”.

     Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequitiesquickeruseofinformation,andthusshortersattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobea predominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,” saidCommissioner DanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.

      IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyAclof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodefer performancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce"short-termism." InitslatestsurveyofCEO payTheWallstreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantial part"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

      Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism,suchaschangesinthetaxcode andquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompany investmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimescanmorevotingrightsinacompany.

      Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders,Britain’s newruleis aremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformancenotjustfortheshortterm butforthelongterm.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe

A.enhancebankers' senseofresponsibility

Bhelpcorporationsachievelargerprofits

C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation

D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate

A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits

B. governmentsimpatienceindecision-making

C. thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

D."short-termism"ineconomicactivities

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe

A.indited  B.adverse  C.minimal Dtemporary

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesandusedtoillustrate

A.theobstaclestopreventing"short-termism.

B. thesignificanceorlongtermthinking.

C.theapproachestopromotinglong-termism.

D. theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext

A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

D. FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

Text2

       Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs（grade-pointaverages）overthepast fewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhich studentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce-apolicyoftenburied deepincoursecatalogscalledgradeforgiveness"-ishelpingraiseGPAs.

       Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,and themostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent's  overallGPA.

      Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinueto dotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool（andpayingtuition）andimprovetheirgradationrates.Whenthispracticefirstarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethema secondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-level courses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,and evengraduatestudents,toget theirlowgradesforgiven.

      Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegrade itselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramand  gradationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Untimely."saidJackMine,OhioStateUniversity's registrar."weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.

      Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescollegesownneedsaswell.For publicinstitutionsstatefindsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchas graduationratesandstudentretentionsobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,mean moremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudentswho,attheendofthedayarepayingthebill-feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbig concern forcolleges.

     Indeedgradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers' expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoa job,itisinthebestinterest ofaschooltotumoutgradateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'andcolleges’ incentivesseemtobealigned.

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A. Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B.StudentsindifferencetoGPAS.

CCollegesneglectofGPAS.

D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness

A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B.Tomaintaincollegesgraduationrates.

C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingf