考研英语试题与答案解析完整版.docx

1、考研英语试题与答案解析完整版2019年考研英语试题与答案解析（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for eachnumbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET (10 points) Today we live in a world where GPS systems,digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our

2、smart phones.Iof us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones2on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize,3you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you4cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land. W

3、hen you find yourself well6a trail, but not in a completely7area, you have to answer two questions: Which8is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9,if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you

4、 find, you should10see signs of people If youve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another12Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13even in dense fores, you should be ab

5、le to14gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve15the woods. Head toward these16to find a way out. At might can the horizon for17light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18,assuming youre lost in an area humans te

6、nd to frequent, look for the19we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can20 you to civilization.1.ASome BMost C FewD All2.Aput Btake C runD come3.ASinceBIf CThoughD until4.AFormally Brelatively C gradually D literally5.A backBnextC aroundDaway6.A onto Boff CacrossD al

7、one7.A unattractive BuncrowdedCunchanged Dunfamiliar8.A siteBpoint Cway Dplace9.A SoBYet CInsteadDBesides10.A immediatelyB intentionallyC unexpectedlyDeventually11.A surprisedB annoyed C frightened Dconfused12A problemBoption CviewD result13.A Above allBIn contrastCOn average D For example14.Abridge

8、Bavoid Cspot D separate15.AformBthroughC beyondD Under16. A posts BlinksCshades Dbreaks17.A artificialB mysteriousChiddenDlimited18.A Finally BConsequently CIncidentallyD Generally19.A memoriesBmarks CnotesDbelongings20.ArestrictBadopt Clead DexposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPartADirections:Rea

9、d the following four texts, Answer the questionseach text by choosing A B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)Text 1 Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be

10、delayed 1o years if their banksare under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this clawback rule is to holdbankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yetofficials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making n

11、ot only by banksbut by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations. “Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies.says the Bank of Englands top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical economics, Alfred Marshall in

12、 describing this financial impatience as acting like Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eatenlast. The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes has dropped from seven years to seven months

13、in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed quarterly capitalism”. In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of e

14、quities quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. There seems to be a predominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week. In the US

15、, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduceshort-termism. In its latest survey of CEOpay The Wall street Journal finds thata substantialpartof executive pay is now tied to performance. M

16、uch more could be done to encourage long-termism, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company. Within companies, the right compensatio

17、n design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders, Britainsnew rule isa reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short termbut for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, on

18、e motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankerssense of responsibilityB help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB.g

19、overnments impatience in decision-makingC.the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. short-termism in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. inditedB. adverseC. minimal D temporary24. The US and France examples and used to

20、illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing short-termism.B.the significance or long term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.D.the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corpor

21、ate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2 Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like

22、 customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often burieddeep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness- is helping raise GPAs. Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one

23、that counts in calculating a students overall GPA. The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates.When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usual

24、ly limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to gettheir low grades forgiven. Col

25、lege officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and gradation without incurring a big penalty. Untimely. said Jack Mine, Ohio State Universitys registrar. we see

26、students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time. That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions state finds are sometimes tie

27、d partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day are paying the bill-feel theyve gotten a better value for thei

28、r tuition dollars, which is another big concernfor colleges. Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to ajob, it is in the best interestof a school to tum

29、out gradates who are as qualified as possible-or at least appear to be. On this, students and collegesincentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging f