《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章期末复习.docx

《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章期末复习.docx

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ChapteroneIntroduction

1.1什么是语言学

1.1.1定义

语言学Linguistics

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

1.1.2Thescopeoflinguistics语言学分支必考P2

普通语言学GeneralLinguistics

ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.

Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.（语音学）

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.（音位学）

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.（形态学）

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax（句法学）

Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.（语义学）

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.（语用学）

1.1.3Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics成对的概念辨析差异必考P3

（1）Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定与描写

Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.

Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.

规定性Prescriptive

Itaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.

描述性Descriptive

Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

（2）Synchronicanddiachronic共时和历时

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.

历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics

Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics

Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.

（3）Speechandwriting口头语与书面语

Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:

1.Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.

（4）Langueandparole语言和言语必考名解P4

TheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleearly20thcentury.

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuremadethedistinctioninordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforseriousstudy.Hebelieveswhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.

语言langue（抽象）

Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

言语parole（具体）

Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

（5）Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用

ProposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.

Hedefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Hebelievesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifythelanguagerules.

语言能力Competence（抽象）

Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

语言运用performance（具体）

Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

（6）Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics传统语法和现代语法

ItisgenerallybelievedthatthebeginningofmodernlinguisticswasmarkedbythepublicationofF·deSaussure’sbook“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”intheearly20thcentury.Beforethatistraditionalgrammar.

Differencesbetweentraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics:

Modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.

Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.

ModernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.

（Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。

traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon’high’writtenlanguage.传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。

）

1.2什么是语言

1.2.1定义

语言language：

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

1.2.2Designfeaturesoflanguage必考P8

Itreferstothedefiningproper