PauloFreirePedagogyoftheOppressed被压迫者教育学英文版.docx

PauloFreirePedagogyoftheOppressed被压迫者教育学英文版.docx

《PauloFreirePedagogyoftheOppressed被压迫者教育学英文版.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《PauloFreirePedagogyoftheOppressed被压迫者教育学英文版.docx（47页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

PauloFreirePedagogyoftheOppressed被压迫者教育学英文版

PauloFreire,PedagogyoftheOppressed

Chapter1

Whiletheproblemofhumanizationhasalways,fromanaxiological（价值论的）pointofview,beenhumankind’scentralproblem,itnowtakesonthecharacterofaninescapableconcern.[1]Concernforhumanizationleadsatoncetotherecognitionofdehumanization,notonlyasanontologicalpossibilitybutasanhistoricalrealityAndasanindividualperceivestheextentofdehumanization,heorshemayaskifhumanizationisaviablepossibility.Withinhistoryinconcrete,objectivecontexts,bothhumanizationanddehumanizationarepossibilitiesforapersonasanuncompletedbeingconsciousoftheirincompletion.

Butwhilebothhumanizationanddehumanizationarerealalternatives,onlythefirstisthepeople’svocation.Thisvocationisconstantlynegated,yetitisaffirmedbythatverynegation.Itisthwartedbyinjustice,exploitation,oppression,andtheviolenceoftheoppressors;itisaffirmedbytheyearningoftheoppressedforfreedomandjustice,andbytheirstruggletorecovertheirlosthumanity.

Dehumanization,whichmarksnotonlythosewhosehumanityhasbeenstolen,butalso（thoughinadifferentway）thosewhohavestolenit,isadistortionofthevocationofbecomingmorefullyhuman.Thisdistortionoccurswithinhistory;butitisnotanhistoricalvocation.Indeed,toadmitofdehumanizationasanhistoricalvocationwouldleadeithertocynicismortotaldespair.Thestruggleforhumanization,fortheemancipationoflabor,fortheovercomingofalienation,fortheaffirmationofmenandwomenaspersonswouldbemeaningless.Thisstruggleispossibleonlybecausedehumanization,althoughaconcretehistoricalfact,isnotagivendestinybuttheresultofanunjustorderthatengendersviolenceintheoppressors,whichinturndehumanizestheoppressed.

Becauseitisadistortionofbeingmorefullyhuman,soonerorlaterbeinglesshumanleadstheoppressedtostruggleagainstthosewhomadethemso.Inorderforthisstruggletohavemeaning,theoppressedmustnotinseekingtoregaintheirhumanity（whichisawaytocreateit）,becomeinturnoppressorsoftheoppressors,butratherrestorersofthehumanityofboth.

This,then,isthegreathumanisticandhistoricaltaskoftheoppressed:

toliberatethemselvesandtheiroppressorsaswell.Theoppressors,whooppress,exploit,andrapebyvirtueoftheirpower;cannotfindinthispowerthestrengthtoliberateeithertheoppressedorthemselves.Onlypowerthatspringsfromtheweaknessoftheoppressedwillbesufficientlystrongtofreeboth.Anyattemptto“soften”thepoweroftheoppressorindeferencetotheweaknessoftheoppressedalmostalwaysmanifestsitselfintheformoffalsegenerosity;indeed,theattemptnevergoesbeyondthis.Inordertohavethecontinuedopportunitytoexpresstheir“generosity,”theoppressorsmustperpetuateinjusticeaswell.Anunjustsocialorderisthepermanentfountofthis“generosity”whichisnourishedbydeath,despair,andpoverty.Thatiswhythedispensersoffalsegenerositybecomedesperateattheslightestthreattoitssource.

Truegenerosityconsistspreciselyinfightingtodestroythecauseswhichnourishfalsecharity.Falsecharityconstrainsthefearfulandsubdued,the“rejectsoflife”toextendtheirtremblinghands.Truegenerosityliesinstrivingsothatthesehands—whetherofindividualsorentirepeoples—needbeextendedlessandlessinsupplication,sothatmoreandmoretheybecomehumanhandswhichworkand,working,transformtheworld.

Thislessonandthisapprenticeshipmustcome,however,fromtheoppressedthemselvesandfromthosewhoaretrulyinsolidaritywiththem.Asindividualsoraspeoples,byfightingfortherestorationoftheirhumanitytheywillbeattemptingtherestorationoftruegenerosity.Whoarebetterpreparedthantheoppressedtounderstandtheterriblesignificanceofanoppressivesociety?

Whosuffertheeffectsofoppressionmorethantheoppressed?

Whocanbetterunderstandthenecessityofliberation?

Theywillnotgainthisliberationbychancebutthroughthepraxisoftheirquestforit,throughtheirrecognitionofthenecessitytofightforit.Andthisfight,becauseofthepurposegivenitbytheoppressed,willactuallyconstituteanactofloveopposingthelovelessnesswhichliesattheheartoftheoppressors’violence,lovelessnessevenwhenclothedinfalsegenerosity.

Butalmostalways,duringtheinitialstageofthestruggle,theoppressed,insteadofstrivingforliberation,tendthemselvestobecomeoppressors,or“sub-oppressors.”Theverystructureoftheirthoughthasbeenconditionedbythecontradictionsoftheconcrete,existentialsituationbywhichtheywereshaped.Theiridealistobemen;butforthem,tobemenistobeoppressors.Thisistheirmodelofhumanity.Thisphenomenon