智能坑槽修补车中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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智能坑槽修补车中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文:
Intelligentpotholemaintenancevehicle
introduction
1.1introduction
Vehiculartraffichasbeenrapidlygrowingovertherecentyearswithmoreprivatelyownedvehiclestakingtothestreetseachday.Today,trucksweighsignificantlymorethaneverbeforeandarecapableofcarryingmuchlargerpayloads.Thesituationisfurtherexacerbatedbythedeclineofrailroads.Thesefactorsinconjunctionwithinclementweatherresultinamajorchallengethattransportationdepartmentsthroughoutthecountryface-roaddamageintheformofpotholes.
Potholesarenotonlythecauseofsignificantdamagetovehiclesuspensionsystemsbutmay,inseverecases,resultinseriousaccidentsandpermanentinjury.Year-roundpotholerepairsisalsoamajorreasonforthedepletionofstatefunds.TheUnitedStatesalonespendsbillionsofdollarseveryyearonpavementmaintenance.Thusthereisanimpendingneedforpotholerepairtechniquesthatarecosteffectiveaswellaslonglasting.
ThischapterbeginswithadescriptionofthecausesforpotholeformationinSection1.2.Thisisfollowedbyadescriptionofthetypesofmaterialsandtechniquescommonlyusedforpotholerepair.Thesprayinjectiontechniqueofpotholerepairisdiscussedinsomedetailleadingtotheneedforanautomatedpotholerepairvehicle.Section1.3delineatestheresearchobjectivesofthisthesis.Section1.4liststhemajorcontributions.
ThisthesisfollowsthestyleofIEEETransactionsonAutomaticControl.Thefinalsectionprovidesanoverviewoftheorganizationofthethesis.
1.2Potholes-causesandrepairmethodology
“Apotholeisanypavementdefectinvolvingthesurfaceorthesurfaceandbase,totheextentthatitcausessignificantnoticeableimpactonvehicletiresandvehiclehandling.Allpotholesaretheresultoftheinteractionofwaterandtrafficonpavement.Mostarefoundonlocalroadandstreetsystems:
80%ofthenation’sroadsarelocalroadsandaremoreapttohave“justgrown”ratherthanbeingplannedfromthestartandaremuchmorelikelytohavewater,gasandotherutilitiesunderneath.”
1.2.1Potholeformation
Thedevelopmentofpotholesisduetothesimultaneouspresenceoftwofactors,waterandtraffic.Thesefactorsmaycausepotholesintwobasicways.Fatiguefailureoccursduetoexcessiveflexingofthepavement.Waterduetomeltingsnow,rainfall,orbaddrainageweakensthesoilbelowthepavement.Inthisweakenedcondition,trafficonthepavementcausesthepavementtostartflexing.Thisflexingeventuallyleadstocracksfollowedbybreakage.Thinnerpavementsaremorepronetothistypeofpotholing.Figure1.1showsapotholecausebyfatiguefailure.
Ravelingfailureoccurswhenwateronthepavementwashesawaytheadhesiveasphaltfilmsthatholdthestoneaggregatetogether.Trafficonsuchpavementscausesagradualravelingawayofthestoneparticles.Suchaconditionoccurswhenwaterhasachancetopermeateapavementthatlackssufficientdensitytopreventwaterpenetration.
Thebestwaytominimizeroaddamageistofollowacarefullyplannedpreventivemaintenancesystem.Thisincludesthelaying-outofwell-plannedroads,usingproperresurfacingmethods,ensuringadequatedrainagefacilities,regularlycheckingdrainsforblocks,andcarryingoutroadrepairsassoonaspossibletopreventfurtherdeterioration.
Figure1.1apotholecausedbyfatiguefailure
Despitethebestmeasurestakenbystatetransportauthorities,thedevelopmentofpotholesisinevitable.Preventivemaintenancecanatbestdelaytheiroccurrence.Itisthusessentialtosimultaneouslyfocusoncontinuouslyimprovingpotholerepairmethods.
1.2.2Potholerepairmethodology
Currentresearchonpotholerepaircanbedividedintotwobroadcategories.
1)RepairMaterials-Typicallythedifferenttypesofmixesthatareusedforpotholepatchingarehot-mixes,cold-mixes,heatedcold-mixes,andrecycledmixes.Hot-mixesfromanasphaltplantarethebestmaterialforpatchingpotholes.Howevertheuseofhot-mixesislimitedduetotheirunavailabilityinthewinterseasonasasphaltplantsareclosedatthetime.Also,hot-mixesdonotperformsatisfactorilywhenusedinwetpotholes.
Mostagenciesmakeuseofoneormoreofthreetypesofcoldasphaltmixesthatareavailabletothem-cold-mixesproducedbylocalasphaltplantsusinglocallyavailableaggregateandbinder,cold-mixesproducedaccordingtoagencyspecificationsincludingacceptabletypesofaggregateandasphalt,andproprietarycold-mixesthatusespecificallyformulatedbinders.Thelattertwotypesofcold-mixeshavetobecheckedforthecompatibilityofthebinderandtheaggregate.Proprietarycold-mixesincludehigh-performancemixeswithanti-strippingandadhesiveagents.Whilebeingmoreexpensive,thesehigh-performancemixessignificantlyincreasetheservicelifeoftherepairandareabetteralternativeforpotholerepair.
2)RepairTechniques-Fourtypesofrepairtechniquesarecommonlyutilizedforpotholepatchingasdescribedin.
a)Throw-and-roll-Thismethodconsistsofplacingthepatchingmaterialintothepotholeandthencompactthepatchusingtrucktires.Thecompactedpatchmusthaveacrownbetween3mmand6mm.Figure1.2showsthefillingstageofthethrow-and-rollmethod.
Figure1.2thethrow-and-rollprocedure-materialplacement
b)Semi-permanent-Thismethodconsistsofremovingthewateranddebrisfromthepothole.Thesidesofthepatchareaarethensquared-upandthemixtureisplacedintothepothole.Thisisfollowedbycompactthemixture.
c)SprayInjection-Thismethodconsistsofblowingwateranddebrisfromthepothole.Thesidesandbottomofthepotholearethensprayedwithatackcoatofbinder.Next,aggregateissimultaneouslypremixedwithheatedasphaltemulsionandsprayedintothepothole,andfinallythepatchedareaiscoveredwithalayerofaggregate.Thesprayinjectionmethoddoesnotrequirecompacting.
d)EdgeSeal-Likethrow-and-roll,thismethodconsistsofplacingthemixtureinthepotholeandcompactitusingtrucktires.Oncethepatchhasdried,aribbonofasphaltictackmaterialisplacedonthepatchedgeandalayerofsandisplacedonthetackmaterial.
Anothermethodoftenusedisthethrow-and-gomethod.Thisinvolvestheplacingofmixtureintopotholesfollowedbylittleornocompaction.Whilethisisthemostexpedientwayofpotholerepair,itisalsotheleasteffective.Thethrow-and-gomethodcansignificantlyincreaselongtermexpendituresandmustnotbeusedasameansforpotholerepair.
Thethrow-and-rollmethodhasprovedtobeveryeffectivewhenperformedusinghigh-performancemixes.Withhighqualitymixesthethrow-and-rollmethodhasbeenshowntobeaseffectiveasthesemi-permanentmethodandisalsocomparativelylesslaborintensive.Thesemi-permanentmethodalsohashigherequipmentcostandlowerproductivity.
Thesprayinjectionmethodisaveryeffectiveandwidelyacceptedmethodforpotholepatching.Itofferspotentialforgreaterproductivityandefficiencyandcanoperateinextremecoldweather.Alongwiththethrow-and-rollmethoditproducesthehighestqualityrepairsandisthemostcosteffectiveinthelongrun.
1.2.3Sprayinjectionpatching
Therearethreetypesofunitsusedforsprayinjectionpotholepatchingasdescribedin[9].
1)Trailer-TypeUnit-Inthisunit,adumptruckpullsatrailerandfeedsaggregatethroughamodifiedtailgateintothetrailerunit.Aminimumoftwopeoplearerequired.Onepersonworksbehindthetrailertocontroladeliveryhosesuspendedfromaboomontherearoftheunit.
2)Modified-TruckUnit-HerethepatchingequipmentismountedonthechassisofanexistingDepartmentofTransportation(DOT)truck.Theneedforatraileriseliminated;thesprayinjectionhoseandboomarestilloperatedfromtherearofthetruck.
3)Self-ContainedUnit-Onlyonepersonisrequiredtopatchthepothole.Thesprayinjectionequipmentisbuiltintothetruckchassis.Patchingiscarriedoutbythetruckoperatorusingajoysticktoremotelycontrolthesprayingoperations.Theboomandattachedhoseextendfromthefrontofthetruck.Figure1.3showsaself-containedunit.
Theself-containedunithasbeenfoundtoperformextremelysatisfactorilyinallconditions.However,amajordisadvantageofthistypeofunitistheinitialcapitalexpenditureintherangeof$120,000.Thisisoff-setiflongtermoperationalcostsaretakenintoaccount.The“IDOT(IllinoisDepartmentofTransportation)hasestimatedthatusingoneself-containedtruckunitinsevenmaintenancedistrictswouldresultforeachdistrict,inalaborsavingsof53personyearsovera10-yearcycle;materialandequipmentsavingswouldbe$1.05million.”
Figure1.3Sprayinjectiondevice-self-containedunit
Asisevidentfromtheprecedingdiscussion,overtheyears,advancementintechnologyhasplayedatremendousroleinincreasingthelifetimeofrepairpatcheswhileatthesametimereducingcosts.High-performancematerialsandequipment(likeself-containedunits)arereplacingconventionalrepairmethods.Thenextlogicaladvancementinpotholerepairtechniquesistheautomationofroadrepair.Automationwilleliminatetheneedforexpensivelaborandproduceconsistentresults.Costsavingsthatcanbederivedbyusinganautomatedroadrepairprocessareestimatedin.Thusfar,impedimentsinthesuccessofautomatedroadrepairvehicleshavebeentheirhighinitialcostandthecomplexityofpotholedetection.
Thisthesisdescribesthedesignandconstructionofanovelprototyperoad-repairvehiclethatautomatesroadrepairprovidinganeasy-to-construct