智能坑槽修补车中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

1、智能坑槽修补车中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Intelligent pothole maintenance vehicle introduction1.1 introductionVehicular traffic has been rapidly growing over the recent years with more privately owned vehicles taking to the streets each day. Today, trucks weigh significantly more than ever befor

2、e and are capable of carrying much larger payloads. The situation is further exacerbated by the decline of railroads. These factors in conjunction with inclement weather result in a major challenge that transportation departments throughout the country face - road damage in the form of potholes.Poth

3、oles are not only the cause of significant damage to vehicle suspension systems but may, in severe cases, result in serious accidents and permanent injury. Year- round pothole repairs is also a major reason for the depletion of state funds. The United States alone spends billions of dollars every ye

4、ar on pavement maintenance. Thus there is an impending need for pothole repair techniques that are cost effective as well as long lasting.This chapter begins with a description of the causes for pothole formation in Section 1.2. This is followed by a description of the types of materials and techniq

5、ues commonly used for pothole repair. The spray injection technique of pothole repair is discussed in some detail leading to the need for an automated pothole repair vehicle. Section 1.3 delineates the research objectives of this thesis. Section 1.4 lists the major contributions.This thesis follows

6、the style of IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. The final section provides an overview of the organization of the thesis.1.2 Potholes-causes and repair methodology“A pothole is any pavement defect involving the surface or the surface and base, to the extent that it causes significant noticeable

7、 impact on vehicle tires and vehicle handling. All potholes are the result of the interaction of water and traffic on pavement. Most are found on local road and street systems: 80% of the nations roads are local roads and are more apt to have “just grown” rather than being planned from the start and

8、 are much more likely to have water, gas and other utilities underneath. ”1.2.1Pothole formationThe development of potholes is due to the simultaneous presence of two factors, water and traffic. These factors may cause potholes in two basic ways. Fatigue failure occurs due to excessive flexing of th

9、e pavement. Water due to melting snow, rainfall, or bad drainage weakens the soil below the pavement. In this weakened condition, traffic on the pavement causes the pavement to start flexing. This flexing eventually leads to cracks followed by breakage. Thinner pavements are more prone to this type

10、of potholing . Figure 1.1 shows a pothole cause by fatigue failure.Raveling failure occurs when water on the pavement washes away the adhesive asphalt films that hold the stone aggregate together. Traffic on such pavements causes a gradual raveling away of the stone particles. Such a condition occur

11、s when water has a chance to permeate a pavement that lacks sufficient density to prevent water penetration .The best way to minimize road damage is to follow a carefully planned preventive maintenance system. This includes the laying-out of well-planned roads, using proper resurfacing methods, ensu

12、ring adequate drainage facilities, regularly checking drains for blocks, and carrying out road repairs as soon as possible to prevent further deterioration.Figure 1.1 a pothole caused by fatigue failureDespite the best measures taken by state transport authorities, the development of potholes is ine

13、vitable. Preventive maintenance can at best delay their occurrence. It is thus essential to simultaneously focus on continuously improving pothole repair methods.1.2.2 Pothole repair methodology Current research on pothole repair can be divided into two broad categories.1) Repair Materials - Typical

14、ly the different types of mixes that are used for pothole patching are hot-mixes, cold-mixes, heated cold-mixes, and recycled mixes. Hot-mixes from an asphalt plant are the best material for patching potholes . However the use of hot-mixes is limited due to their unavailability in the winter season

15、as asphalt plants are closed at the time. Also, hot-mixes do not perform satisfactorily when used in wet potholes .Most agencies make use of one or more of three types of cold asphalt mixes that are available to them - cold-mixes produced by local asphalt plants using locally available aggregate and

16、 binder, cold-mixes produced according to agency specifications including acceptable types of aggregate and asphalt, and proprietary cold-mixes that use specifically formulated binders . The latter two types of cold-mixes have to be checked for the compatibility of the binder and the aggregate. Prop

17、rietary cold-mixes include high-performance mixes with anti-stripping and adhesive agents. While being more expensive, these high-performance mixes significantly increase the service life of the repair and are a better alternative for pothole repair . 2) Repair Techniques - Four types of repair tech

18、niques are commonly utilized for pothole patching as described in .a) Throw-and-roll - This method consists of placing the patching material into the pothole and then compact the patch using truck tires. The compacted patch must have a crown between 3 mm and 6 mm. Figure 1.2 shows the filling stage

19、of the throw-and- roll method.Figure 1.2 the throw-and-roll procedure - material placementb) Semi-permanent - This method consists of removing the water and debris from the pothole. The sides of the patch area are then squared-up and the mixture is placed into the pothole. This is followed by compac

20、t the mixture. c) Spray Injection - This method consists of blowing water and debris from the pothole. The sides and bottom of the pothole are then sprayed with a tack coat of binder. Next, aggregate is simultaneously premixed with heated asphalt emulsion and sprayed into the pothole, and finally th

21、e patched area is covered with a layer of aggregate. The spray injection method does not require compacting.d) Edge Seal - Like throw-and-roll, this method consists of placing the mixture in the pothole and compact it using truck tires. Once the patch has dried, a ribbon of asphaltic tack material i

22、s placed on the patch edge and a layer of sand is placed on the tack material.Another method often used is the throw-and-go method . This involves the placing of mixture into potholes followed by little or no compaction. While this is the most expedient way of pothole repair, it is also the least ef

23、fective. The throw-and-go method can significantly increase long term expenditures and must not be used as a means for pothole repair.The throw-and-roll method has proved to be very effective when performed using high-performance mixes. With high quality mixes the throw-and-roll method has been show

24、n to be as effective as the semi-permanent method and is also comparatively less labor intensive . The semi-permanent method also has higher equipment cost and lower productivity .The spray injection method is a very effective and widely accepted method for pothole patching. It offers potential for

25、greater productivity and efficiency and can operate in extreme cold weather . Along with the throw-and-roll method it produces the highest quality repairs and is the most cost effective in the long run .1.2.3 Spray injection patchingThere are three types of units used for spray injection pothole pat

26、ching as described in 9.1) Trailer-Type Unit - In this unit, a dump truck pulls a trailer and feeds aggregate through a modified tailgate into the trailer unit. A minimum of two people are required. One person works behind the trailer to control a delivery hose suspended from a boom on the rear of t

27、he unit . 2) Modified-Truck Unit - Here the patching equipment is mounted on the chassis of an existing Department of Transportation (DOT) truck. The need for a trailer is eliminated; the spray injection hose and boom are still operated from the rear of the truck .3) Self-Contained Unit - Only one p

28、erson is required to patch the pothole. The spray injection equipment is built into the truck chassis. Patching is carried out by the truck operator using a joystick to remotely control the spraying operations. The boom and attached hose extend from the front of the truck . Figure 1.3 shows a self-c

29、ontained unit.The self-contained unit has been found to perform extremely satisfactorily in all conditions. However, a major disadvantage of this type of unit is the initial capital expenditure in the range of $120,000 . This is off-set if long term operational costs are taken into account. The “IDO

30、T (Illinois Department of Transportation) has estimated that using one self-contained truck unit in seven maintenance districts would result for each district, in a labor savings of 53 person years over a 10-year cycle; material and equipment savings would be $1.05 million. ”Figure 1.3 Spray injecti

31、on device-self-contained unitAs is evident from the preceding discussion, over the years, advancement in technology has played a tremendous role in increasing the lifetime of repair patches while at the same time reducing costs. High-performance materials and equipment (like self-contained units) ar

32、e replacing conventional repair methods. The next logical advancement in pothole repair techniques is the automation of road repair. Automation will eliminate the need for expensive labor and produce consistent results. Cost savings that can be derived by using an automated road repair process are e

33、stimated in . Thus far, impediments in the success of automated road repair vehicles have been their high initial cost and the complexity of pothole detection.This thesis describes the design and construction of a novel prototype road-repair vehicle that automates road repair providing an easy-to-construct