高三英语阅读专项之主旨大意.docx
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高三英语阅读专项之主旨大意
高考英语阅读微技能训练
专题三主旨大意
一、考点解读
归纳主旨大意的题目是为了考查考生识别中心论点、主题思想的能力。
这种题型考查学生能否分辨主要信息和次要信息、是否具备提纲挈领的能力。
解题时要跳出一词一句，避免“以偏盖全，以次充主”；要通读全文，把握文章的结构层次、作者的写作思路和写作意图。
二、常见的提问方式
主旨题的提问方式可以概括为两种:
1.直接提问
Whatisthemain/general/centralideaofthispassage?
Themainpointofthepassageis______.
Thepassagedealsmainlywith_______./Thepassageismainlyabout/isprimarilyconcernedwith_______.
Thepassageisabout_______.
Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
Whichsentencebestexpressesthemainidea?
Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthepassage?
Theconclusionwecangetfromthepassageis_______.
Whatdoesthefirst/secondparagraphmainlytalkabout?
2．起标题
Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?
三、解题方法
（一）直接提问题型的解题方法：
1.找主题句，确定主旨
主旨题最基本的解题方法就是找主题句。
直接提问的主旨题分为确定篇章主旨题和段落主旨题。
（1）篇章主旨
为了更快地找到篇章主题句，学生有必要熟悉文章的结构模式。
非记叙文体的结构模式：
openingparagraph:
（introduction）即引言部分，引出所要讨论的对象。
topicsentence主题句通常出现在段落开头，间或出现在段落中间或结尾部分。
bodysupportingdetails
（concludingsentence）
concludingparagraph重述全文的中心思想。
主题句的呈现形式可分为以下几种：
A.主题句放在文首
文首开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想，这是最常见的演绎法写作方式。
通常说明文及议论文的主题句位于文首。
例如：
Readingtodogsisanunusualwaytohelpchildrenimprovetheirliteracyskill（读写能力）.Withtheirshiningbrowneyes,waggingtails,andunconditionallove,dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence,accordingtoIntermountainTherapyAnimals（ITA）inSaltLakeCity.Thegroupsaysitisthefirstprograminthecountrytousedogstohelpdevelopliteracyinthechildren,withtheintroductionofReadingEducationAssistantDogs（READ）.
TheSaltLakeCityPublicLibraryissoldontheidea.“Literaryspecialistsadmitthatchildrenwhoreadbelowtheleveloftheirfellowpupilsareoftenafraidofreadingaloudinagroup,oftenhavelowerself-respect，andregardreadingasaheadache.”saidLisaMyron,managerofthechildren’sdepartment.LastNovemberthetwogroupsstarted“DogDayAfternoon”inthechildren’sdepartmentofthemainlibrary.About25childrenattendedeachofthefourSaturday-afternoonclasses,readingforhalfanhour.Thosewhoattendedthreeofthefourclassesreceiveda“pawgraphed”bookatthelastclass.
TheprogramwassosuccessfulthatthelibraryplanstorepeatitinApril,accordingtoDanaThumpowsky,publicrelationsmanager.
Q:
Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?
A.Children’sreadingdifficultiesB.Advantagesofraisingdogs
C.ServiceinapubliclibraryD.Aspecialreadingprogram
B.主题句放在文末
在表述细节后,归纳要点,印象,结论建议或结果,以概括主题。
这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式。
一般说来，记叙文的主题常位于文末，是点睛之笔。
例如：
WhileIwaswaitingoutsidemywife’sofficebuildingforhertogetoutofwork,Isawabeggarcomingmywayfromacrosstheparkinglot.
“Ihopehedoesn’taskmeforanymoney,”Ithought.
Hedidn’t.
Hecameandsatinfrontofthebusstop,buthedidn’tlooklikehecouldhaveenoughmoneytoridethebus.Afterafewminuteshespoke.“That’saprettycar,”hesaid,pointingtomycar.Hewasragged（衣衫褴褛）,buthehadanairofdignityabouthimself.
Igavehimasmileandcontinuedcleaningmycar.
HesattherequietlyasIworked.Theexpectedaskingformoneynevercame.Asthesilencebetweenuswidened,itseemedthatavoiceinsidemesaid,“Askhimifheneedsanyhelp.”Iwassurethathewouldsay“yes”,butIlistenedtotheinnervoice.
“Doyouneedanyhelp?
”Iasked.
HeansweredinthreesimplebutmeaningfulwordsthatIshallneverforget.Weoftenlookforwisdomingreatmenandwomen,andweexpectitfromthoseofhigherlearningandachievements.Iexpectednothingbutadirtyhandfromhim,buthesaidthreewordsthatshookme.
“Don’tweall?
”hesaid.
Iwasfeelinghigh,successfulandimportantaboveabeggarinthestreet,untilthosethreewordshitmelikeashot.
Don’tweall?
Ineededhelp.Maybenotforabusfareorforaplacetosleep,butIneededhelp.Ireachedinmywalletandgavehimnotonlyforabusfare,butenoughtogetawarmmealandshelterfortheday.Thosethreelittlewordsstillringtrue.Nomatterhowmuchyouhave,nomatterhowmuchyouhaveachieved,youneedhelp,too.Nomatterhowlittleyouhave,nomatterhowloadedyouarewithproblems,evenwithoutmoneyoraplacetosleep,youcangivehelp.
Q:
Thebesttitleofthepassageis_________.
A.TheStoryofaBeggarB.ThreeWordsThatUpsetMe
C.EveryoneNeedsHelpD.GivingHelp
C.主题句放在文中
通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展。
例如：
WhenIwasinthethirdgrade,Iwaspickedtobetheprincessintheschoolplay.Forweeksmymotherhadhelpedmepracticemylines.Butonceonstage,everyworddisappearedfrommyhead.Thenmyteachertoldmeshehadwrittenanarrator’s（解说者的）partfortheplay,andaskedmetochangeroles.ThoughIdidn’ttellmymotherwhathadhappenedthatday,shesensedmyunhappinessandaskedifIwantedtotakeawalkintheyard.
Itwasalovelyspringday.Wecouldseedandelions（蒲公英）poppingthroughthegrassinbunches,asifapainterhadtouchedourlandscapewithbitsofgold.Iwatchedmymothercarelesslybenddownbyoneofthebunches.“IthinkIamgoingtodigupalltheseweeds,”shesaid.“Fromnowon,we’llhaveonlyrosesinthisgarden.”
“ButIlikedandelions.”Iprotested.“Allflowersarebeautiful—evendandelions!
”
Mymotherlookedatmeseriously.“Yes,everyflowergivespleasureinitsownway,doesn’tit?
”sheaskedthoughtfully.Inodded.“Andthatistrueofpeople,too,”sheadded.
WhenIrealizedthatshehadguessedmypain,Istartedtocryandtoldherthetruth.
“Butyouwillbeabeautifulnarrator,”shesaid,remindingmeofhowmuchIlovedtoreadstoriesaloudtoher.
Overthenextfewweeks,withhercontinuousencouragement,Ilearnedtotakeprideintherole.Thebigdayfinallycame.Afewminutesbeforetheplay,myteachercameovertome.“Yourmotheraskedmetogivethistoyou,”shesaid,handingmeadandelion.Aftertheplay,Itookhometheflower,laughingthatIwasperhapstheonlypersonwhowouldkeepsuchaweed.
Q:
Whatisthemainideaofthestory?
A.Everybodycanfindhisorherownwaytosuccess.
B.Everybodyhashisorherownvalueintheworld.
C.Everybodyshouldlearntoplaydifferentroles.
D.Everybodyhassomeunforgettablememory.
D.首尾呼应
为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见。
但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。
例如：
Therearethreeseparatesourcesofdangerinsupplyingenergybynuclearpower.
First,theradioactivematerialmusttravelfromitsplaceofproductiontothepowerstation.Althoughthepowerstationsthemselvesarestronglybuilt,thecontainersusedforthetransportofthematerialsarenot.Normally,onlytwomethodsoftransportareinuse,namelyroadorrail.Unfortunately,bothofthesemayhaveaneffectonthegeneralpublic,sincetheyaresuretopassnear,oreventhrough,heavilypopulatedareas.
Second,thereistheproblemofwaste.Allnuclearpowerstationsproducewastesthatinmostcaseswillremainradioactiveforthousandsofyears.Itisimpossibletomakethesewastesnonradioactive,andsotheymustbestoredinoneoftheinconvenientwaysthatscientistshaveinvented.Forexample,theymaybeburiedundertheground,ordroppedintodesertedmines,orsunkinthesea.However,thesemethodsdonotsolvetheproblem,sinceanearthquakecouldeasilybreakthecontainers.
Third,theremayoccurthedangerofaleak（泄漏）oranexplosionatthepowerstation.Aswiththeothertwodangers,thisisnotverylikely,soitdoesnotprovideaseriousobjectiontothenuclearprogram.However,itcanhappen.
Separately,thesethreetypesofdangersarenotagreatcauseforworry.Takentogether,though,theprobabilityofdisasterisextremelyhigh.
Q:
Whatisthepassageabout?
A.Usesofnuclearpower.B.Dangersfromnuclearpower.
C.Publicangeratnuclearpower.D.Accidentscausedbynuclearpower.
E.无主题句
即主题句隐含在全文中,没有明确的主题句。
必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。
必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。
例如：
JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.
Q:
Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer.
B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.
C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.
D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.
（2）段落主旨
每篇文章由于在描写主题思想或论点时的出发点不同，需要我们从各个方面，各个层次进行说明，阐述和论证，所以主题部分就不定分成若干个段落进行展开，一个段落或许就侧重一个方面。
在判断段落主旨时要注意，段落主旨也服务于篇章主旨，因此应该与篇章主旨密切相关。
即在选择时应选择与篇章主旨关系紧密的那项。
A.主题句在段首
主题句放在段落的开端，开门见山，接着展开讨论、阐述或论证。
这种写作手法为演绎法，由抽象到具体，段落中的其他句子均受到主题句的约束。
这样，就要求我们判断第一主题句，方法是：
具体分析段落的首句与第二、三句的关系，如果从第二句开始就对第一句进行说明、论述或描述，那第一句就是主题句。
例如：
Todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrising,soquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.Ifwecontinuetodothis,humanlifeonearthwillnotsurvive.
B.主题句在段尾
主题句放在段尾，前面的描述都是为了得出这一结论，而这一结论就是主题句。
主题句达到了概括、增强说服力的作用，是一种归纳和总结。
例如：
Ahumanbodyappearstoberathersoftanddelicate,comparedwiththatofawildanimal,butitisactuallysurprisinglystrong.Indeed,itsverysoftnessandloosenessisanadvantage;itmakesmangoodatmovingaboutmovementofalllivingthingsofhisownsize,becausehecandosomanydifferentthingswithhislimbs.Man’sgamesshowhowhecancontrolhisownbody.Nootherlandcreaturecanswimasskillfullyasman;morehassuch
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