高三英语阅读专项之主旨大意.docx

1、高三英语阅读专项之主旨大意 高考英语阅读微技能训练专题三 主旨大意 一、考点解读归纳主旨大意的题目是为了考查考生识别中心论点、主题思想的能力。这种题型考查学生能否分辨主要信息和次要信息、是否具备提纲挈领的能力。解题时要跳出一词一句，避免“以偏盖全，以次充主”；要通读全文，把握文章的结构层次、作者的写作思路和写作意图。二、常见的提问方式主旨题的提问方式可以概括为两种: 1. 直接提问What is the main/general/central idea of this passage? The main point of the passage is _.The passage deals

2、mainly with _. /The passage is mainly about /is primarily concerned with _.The passage is about _.What does the passage mainly discuss?Which sentence best expresses the main idea?Which of the following best summarizes the passage?The conclusion we can get from the passage is _.What does the first/se

3、cond paragraph mainly talk about?2起标题What is the best title for the passage? 三、解题方法（一）直接提问题型的解题方法：1. 找主题句，确定主旨 主旨题最基本的解题方法就是找主题句。直接提问的主旨题分为确定篇章主旨题和段落主旨题。(1) 篇章主旨为了更快地找到篇章主题句，学生有必要熟悉文章的结构模式。非记叙文体的结构模式：opening paragraph: ( introduction) 即引言部分，引出所要讨论的对象。topic sentence 主题句通常出现在段落开头，间或出现在段落中间或结尾部分。body s

4、upporting details (concluding sentence)concluding paragraph 重述全文的中心思想。 主题句的呈现形式可分为以下几种：A. 主题句放在文首 文首开门见山, 提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想，这是最常见的演绎法写作方式。通常说明文及议论文的主题句位于文首。例如：Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skill (读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging

5、 tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in the childre

6、n, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistant Dogs (READ).The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literary specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect，and regard

7、reading as a headache.” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started “Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended

8、 three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager. Q: What is mainly discussed in the text? A. Childrens reading difficulties B. Advantages of ra

9、ising dogsC. Service in a public library D. A special reading programB. 主题句放在文末 在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式。一般说来，记叙文的主题常位于文末，是点睛之笔。例如：While I was waiting outside my wifes office building for her to get out of work, I saw a beggar coming my way from across the parking lot.“I hop

10、e he doesnt ask me for any money,” I thought.He didnt.He came and sat in front of the bus stop, but he didnt look like he could have enough money to ride the bus. After a few minutes he spoke. “Thats a pretty car,” he said, pointing to my car. He was ragged (衣衫褴褛), but he had an air of dignity about

11、 himself.I gave him a smile and continued cleaning my car.He sat there quietly as I worked. The expected asking for money never came. As the silence between us widened, it seemed that a voice inside me said, “Ask him if he needs any help.” I was sure that he would say “yes”, but I listened to the in

12、ner voice.“Do you need any help?” I asked.He answered in three simple but meaningful words that I shall never forget. We often look for wisdom in great men and women, and we expect it from those of higher learning and achievements. I expected nothing but a dirty hand from him, but he said three word

13、s that shook me.“Dont we all?” he said.I was feeling high, successful and important above a beggar in the street, until those three words hit me like a shot.Dont we all?I needed help. Maybe not for a bus fare or for a place to sleep, but I needed help. I reached in my wallet and gave him not only fo

14、r a bus fare, but enough to get a warm meal and shelter for the day. Those three little words still ring true. No matter how much you have, no matter how much you have achieved, you need help, too. No matter how little you have, no matter how loaded you are with problems, even without money or a pla

15、ce to sleep, you can give help.Q: The best title of the passage is _.A. The Story of a Beggar B. Three Words That Upset MeC. Everyone Needs Help D. Giving HelpC. 主题句放在文中 通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展。例如： When I was in the third grade, I was picked to be the princess in the

16、school play. For weeks my mother had helped me practice my lines. But once on stage, every word disappeared from my head. Then my teacher told me she had written a narrators（解说者的）part for the play, and asked me to change roles. Though I didnt tell my mother what had happened that day, she sensed my

17、unhappiness and asked if I wanted to take a walk in the yard. It was a lovely spring day. We could see dandelions (蒲公英) popping through the grass in bunches, as if a painter had touched our landscape with bits of gold. I watched my mother carelessly bend down by one of the bunches. “I think I am goi

18、ng to dig up all these weeds,” she said. “From now on, well have only roses in this garden.” “But I like dandelions.” I protested. “All flowers are beautifuleven dandelions!” My mother looked at me seriously. “Yes, every flower gives pleasure in its own way, doesnt it?” she asked thoughtfully. I nod

19、ded. “And that is true of people, too,” she added. When I realized that she had guessed my pain, I started to cry and told her the truth.“But you will be a beautiful narrator,” she said, reminding me of how much I loved to read stories aloud to her. Over the next few weeks, with her continuous encou

20、ragement, I learned to take pride in the role. The big day finally came. A few minutes before the play, my teacher came over to me. “Your mother asked me to give this to you,” she said, handing me a dandelion. After the play, I took home the flower, laughing that I was perhaps the only person who wo

21、uld keep such a weed. Q: What is the main idea of the story? A. Everybody can find his or her own way to success. B. Everybody has his or her own value in the world. C. Everybody should learn to play different roles. D. Everybody has some unforgettable memory.D. 首尾呼应 为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼

22、应的写作方式较为多见。但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。例如：There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power. First, the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power station. Although the power stations themselves are strongly built, the contain

23、ers used for the transport of the materials are not. Normally, only two methods of transport are in use, namely road or rail. Unfortunately, both of these may have an effect on the general public, since they are sure to pass near, or even through, heavily populated areas.Second, there is the problem

24、 of waste. All nuclear power stations produce wastes that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive, and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented. For example, they may be buried unde

25、r the ground, or dropped into deserted mines, or sunk in the sea. However, these methods do not solve the problem, since an earthquake could easily break the containers.Third, there may occur the danger of a leak (泄漏) or an explosion at the power station. As with the other two dangers, this is not v

26、ery likely, so it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear program. However, it can happen.Separately, these three types of dangers are not a great cause for worry. Taken together, though, the probability of disaster is extremely high. Q: What is the passage about? A. Uses of nuclear powe

27、r. B. Dangers from nuclear power.C. Public anger at nuclear power. D. Accidents caused by nuclear power.E. 无主题句 即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句。必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。例如：Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his gr

28、aduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. Q: What is the main idea of the passage?A. How Joshua Bingham became

29、a lawyer.B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.(2) 段落主旨 每篇文章由于在描写主题思想或论点时的出发点不同，需要我们从各个方面，各个层次进行说明，阐述和论证，所以主题部分就不定分成若干个段落进行展开，一个段落或许就侧重一个方面。在判断段落主旨时要注意，段落主旨也服务于篇章主旨，因此应该与篇章主旨密切相关。即在选择时应选择与篇章主旨关系紧密的那项。A. 主题句在段首 主题句放在段

30、落的开端，开门见山，接着展开讨论、阐述或论证。这种写作手法为演绎法，由抽象到具体，段落中的其他句子均受到主题句的约束。这样，就要求我们判断第一主题句，方法是：具体分析段落的首句与第二、三句的关系，如果从第二句开始就对第一句进行说明、论述或描述，那第一句就是主题句。例如：Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up

31、our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.B. 主题句在段尾主题句放在段尾，前面的描述都是为了得出这一结论，而这一结论就是主题句。主题句达到了概括、增强说服力的作用，是一种归纳和总结。例如：A human body appears to be rather soft and delic

32、ate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such