国际贸易英语第一章讲义.docx

国际贸易英语第一章讲义.docx

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国际贸易英语第一章讲义

InternationalTradeTheories

Chapter1BenefitsofInternationalTrade

Inthischapter,wefirstexplainthemeaningofinternationaltrade,andthenturnourattentiontobenefitsfrominternationaltrade.

DefinitionofInternationalTrade

Internationaltrade,sometimesalsocalledinternationalbusinessorsimplyforeigntrade,occurswhenafirmexportsgoodsorservicestoconsumersinanothercountry.Nowadayswhentalkingaboutinternationaltradewedonotjustmeansellingandbuyinggoodsonaninternationalscalebutalsocross-bordertradeinservicesandcarryingoutofinvestmentactivitiesabroad.

TheBenefitsorGainsfromInternationalTrade

Whydonationstradewitheachother?

Theanswerissimple:

Becausewecanreceivebenefitsormakegainsfromit.

Nowlet’shavealookatthechiefbenefitsfrominternationaltrade.

（1）Helpingtoraisethelivingstandardsofthepeople

TaketheUnitedStates.Agreatdealofitshighstandardoflivingdependsoninternationaltrade.WithoutinternationaltradetheUnitedStatescannotbecomeakingdomofautomobilesbecausemostofitsoilisimportedfromabroad.WithoutinternationaltradetheUnitedStatescannothaveenoughtin,tungstenandchromiumforcertainindustrialprocessbecausetheUnitedStateshasnodepositsofthem.Remembernocountryisabletoproduceeverythingitneeds.Thatisanimportantreasonfortrade.

（2）Helpingtoupgradeacountry’smodernization

Foreigntradecanhelpanationmakemoneyintheformofforeignexchangewhichcanbeusedtofinanceitspurchasesofhightechnologyneededforupgradingitsmodernizationandspeedingupitsindustrializationprocess.

（3）Helpingtosolveacountry’sshortageofcapital

Alotofworld’senterprises,esp.thoseofthedevelopingnations,areindesperateneedofcapital,fortheirexpansion,foremployingworkers,forbuyingrawmaterials,forpurchasingadvancedequipmentandcarryingouttheR&Dprogrames.Suchaproblemcanbesolvedbyattractingforeigninvestmentthroughformingjointventures.

（4）Helpingtosolveunemploymentproblems

Forbothdevelopednationsanddevelopingnationsexporttradecanprovidemoreemploymentopportunities.Withoutforeigntradesomepeoplewilllosetheirjobs.

（5）Helpingtopromotemutualunderstandingandfriendshipbetweentrading

Throughforeigntradeacountrycanknowmoreaboutacountry’seconomicsituation,legalsystem,cultureandcustoms.Businessmenorforeigntradeworkersofdifferentcountriesbecomefriendsbytradingwithoneanother.

（6）Helpingtoboostacountry’scompetitivenessintheworldmarket

Ifacountry’sbusinesswantstogainmarketaccesstoaforeigncountry,itmustbeabletocompetewithitsrivalswithhighqualitygoods,attractivedesigning,andbetterafter-salesservice.

（7）Helpingacountrytoaccelerateitsoveralleconomicgrowth

Hereisacaseinpoint.In1970livingstandardsinGhana（well-knownforitscocoa）andSouthKoreawereroughlycomparable.Ghana’sGNPpercapitawas$250,andSouthKorea’swas$260.By1995,thesituationhaddramaticallychanged.SouthKoreahadaGNPpercapitaof$9,700whileGhana’sonly$390,reflectingavastlydifferenteconomicgrowthrate.Between1968and1995,theaverageannualgrowthrateinGhana’sGNPwasunder1.4%.Incontrast,SouthKoreaachievedagrowthrateofabout9%annuallyinthesameperiodoftime.Whythesharpdifference?

Ofcoursethereisnoeasyanswerbecausemanyfactorsaffectacountry’sgrowth.Butonethingiscertain,thatis,TheSouthKoreangovernmentimplementedpoliciesthatencouragedcompaniestoengageininternationaltrade,whiletheactionsoftheGhanaiangovernmentdiscourageddomesticproducersfrombecominginvolvedininternationaltrade.Thatiswhysomeeconomistssayforeigntradecanbecomparedtotheengineofeconomicgrowth.

NewWords

1.cross-border跨国境的2.tin锡

3.tungsten铬4.chromium钨

5.deposit（s）贮藏量6.tofinance为……提供资金

7.toupgrade使升级，提升8.vastly巨大地

9.industrialization工业化10.firm公司，企业

11.modernization现代化12.automobiles（美）汽车（常用auto）

13.toboost增加14.competitiveness竞争力

15.toaccelerate加快16.toimplement执行（政策等）

UsefulPhrasesandIdiomaticExpressions

1.onaninternationalscale在国际范围内

2.acaseinpoint恰当的例子，例证

3.toengagein从事与

4.todiscouragesb.fromdoingsth.不鼓励某人做某事，劝阻某人不做某事

5.tobecomparedto将……比作

6.intheformof以……形式，用……方式

7.incontrast相形之下

8.toturnone’sattentionto将某人注意力转向

Exercises

I.Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.Whatismeantbyinternationaltrade?

2.Whatarethechiefbenefitsfrominternationaltrade?

3.Giveexamplestoshowthatnocountryisabletoproduceeverythingitneeds.

4.Doesinternationaltradehavenegativeeffectsonacountry’seconomicdevelopment?

II.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish:

1.对外贸易可以给一国带来以下七个方面的好处：

（1）通过对外贸易可以充分利用国外资源，协调发展它的国民经济；

（2）通过与其他国家的贸易可以引进先进的技术设备，促进生产率的提高；

（3）可以帮助它扩大资本的积累；

（4）帮助一个国家进口国内无法生产的产品，更好满足国内人民的需求；

（5）通过国际贸易可使一国参加国际分工；

（6）通过国际贸易带动一国经济发展；

（7）通过国际贸易发展对外经贸关系和扩大影响力。

2.世贸组织机制受到抨击的一个理由是这些规则本身就不得人心。

如：

发展中国家在乌拉圭回合中是被迫接受知识产权协议的，而这种东西不能给它们带来多少益处；另一方面，富国（如美国、欧盟中的法国、日本）却不愿在发展中国家最为关心的问题上（农业、反倾销和反补贴）作出大的让步。

3.在不同国家的人民之间进行货物与服务的交换就是国际贸易。

III.Paraphrasethefollowing,esp.theunderlinedparts:

Somegovernmentsimplementpoliciesthatencouragetheircompaniestoengageininternationaltrade,whiletheactionsofothergovernmentdiscouragetheirdomesticproducersfrombecominginvolvedininternationaltrade.

SupplementaryReading

（1）forChapter1

NationalGainsfromInternationalTrade

Althoughconceivablyanationmighthaveasufficientvarietyofproductivefactorstoproduceeverykindofgoodsandservices,itwouldnotbeabletoproduceeachkindofgoodsandservicewithequalfacility.TheUnitedStatescouldproducehand-wovenrugs,butonlyatahighcostsincetheproductionofsuchrugsrequiresgreatquantitiesoflabor,whichisexpensiveinthiscountry.Theproductionofhand-wovenrugshowever,wouldaffordareasonableemploymentforthelargesupplyofcheaplaborinacountrylikeIndia.ItwouldbeadvantageousfortheUnitedStates,therefore,tospecializeinacommoditysuchastrucks,whoseproductionmakesuseoftheabundantsupplyofcapitalinthiscountry,andtoexporttrucksinexchangeforhand-wovenrugsfromIndia.

Thisexampleillustratesinaverysimplewaythegainsthatresultfrominternationalspecialization—eachnationisabletoutilizeitsproductivefactorsintheirmostproductivecombinations.Byraisingtheproductivityofnationaleconomies,internationalspecializationincreasestheoutputofgoodsandservices.Thisisitseconomicjustificationandthejustificationoftheinternationaltradethatmakespossiblesuchspecialization.

Thecontributionofinternationaltradeissoimmensethatfewcountriescouldbecomeself-sufficientevenwiththegreatesteffort.Contemporaryeconomieshavebeenshapedbytheinternationaltradeandspecializationofthepast,andtheircontinuedviabilityiscloselydependentontheworldeconomy.Forexample,itisphysicallyimpossiblefortheUnitedKingdomandJapantofeed,clothe,andhousetheirpresentpopulationswithoutimportsfromothercountries.Economicself-efficiencyforthesetwonationswouldmeanmassstarvationandpovertystandardsoflivingunlessemigrationprovedpossibleonaverylargescale.Thesurvivalofthesecountriesdependsessentiallyontheexportofmanufacturesthatrequirelittlespacetoproduceinexchangeforfoodstuffsandrawmaterialswhichrequiregreatspacetoproduceorarefoundinonlycertainareasofearth.

TheUnitedKingdomandJapanareexamplesofhighdependenceoninternationaltrade.Butevencountriesthatareabletosupplytheirownpeopleswiththebasicnecessitiesoflifeoutofdomesticproductionwouldbefacedwithanunbearabledeclineinlivingstandardsiftheywerecutofffrominternationaltrade.NewZealandproducesfarmorefoodstuffsthanareneededtonourishitssparsepopulation,anditisabletotradethissurpluswithindustrialcountriesliketheUnitedKingdomandJapan.Hence,forNewZealandeconomicself-sufficiencywouldnotmeanstarvationbutratherthedeprivationofmanufacturedgoodsthatarenecessarytosustainitscurrentstandardofliving.Ofcourse,NewZealandcouldproducesomemanufacturestotakeplaceofimports,butitseffortsinthatdirectionwouldbelimitedbyitsscarcesuppliesoflabor,capital,andindustrialrawmaterials.TheNewZealandeconomyitselfistheproductofinternationalspecializationandtrade,andafardifferentandpoorereconomyworldhaveevolvedintheabsenceofworldmarkets.

TheUnitedStates,withitscontinentalsweepandimmenseresources,couldaffordeconomicself-sufficiencywiththeleastcostofanynation,withthepossibleexceptionoftheformerSovietUnionandChina.Perhapsthisexplainswhy,farmorethanotherpeoples,Americansareinclinedtounderestimatetheimportanceofinternationaltrade.

Butevenforthiscountry,thecostofself-sufficiencywouldbeformidable.Americanconsumerswouldexperienceanimmediatepinchintheirstandardsofliving.Anentirerageoffoodstuffswouldnolongerbeavailableorwouldbeavailableonlyatexorbitantprices.TheAmericaninstitution—thecupofcoffee—wouldbecomealuxurytoallbutafew,andmostofuswouldbeforcedtodowithoutourdailystimulantortouseinferiorsubstitutes.Eventhen,thesugarforourbeveragewouldbeanexpensiveitem.

Asregardsbasicfoodstuffs,weshould,ofcourse,haveaplentifulsupply.Infact,wewouldbecomeembarrassedbygrowingstockpilesofagriculturalproductsasfarmerslostexportoutletsforone-fourthoftheirwheatcrop,one-thirdoftheirc