On Slips of the Tongue of Chinese English Learners12页.docx

On Slips of the Tongue of Chinese English Learners12页.docx

《On Slips of the Tongue of Chinese English Learners12页.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《On Slips of the Tongue of Chinese English Learners12页.docx（5页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

OnSlipsoftheTongueofChineseEnglishLearners12页

OnSlipsoftheTongueofChineseEnglishLearners

　　1.Introduction

　　1.1Definitionofslipsofthetongue

　　Slipsofthetonguearecommonandfrequentlyinterestingphonicerrors.MaybewearenotsurethatW.A.Spooner（1844-1930）isthefirstpersontomakesuchmistakes，buthewaswellknownforaword“Spoonerism”（AppendixI），whichisthefamouswordtodescribethephenomenonofslipsofthetongueintheearlytime.Healwaysmademistakesaboutthefirstsoundofthewords.Forexample，heoncesaid‘weallknowthefeelingwhenwehaveahalf-warmedfishinourhearts’，whichheintendedtosay‘weallknowthefeelingwhenwehaveahalf-formedwishinourhearts’.Peoplearoundhimfoundthathealwaysmadesuchmistakesaboutthefirstsoundofthewords.Therefore，peoplewhoanalyzedW.A.Spooner’speakingbehaviorfeltinterestinganddescribedthisphenomenonas‘Spoonerism’，andthemeaningofthiswordindictionaryisthetranspositionoftheinitialconsonantsorconsonantclustersofapairofwords，oftenresultinginanamusingambiguityofmeaning，suchas“hushmybrat”for“brushmyhat”（CollinsEnglishDictionary，21stCenturyEdition）.

　　Dell（1986）definedslipsoftongueas‘unintended，nonhabitualdeviationsfromaspeechplan’inhisbookSpreadingActivationTheoryRetrievalinSentenceProductionPsychologicalReview（Dell，1986：

284）.Fromthis，wecanfindtwostandardsforthecharacteristicsoftheslipsoftongue：

thefirstoneisthattheremustbeerrors，andthesecondoneisthattheerrorscanbecorrected.So，whenaconversationisover，peoplealwaysknownothingaboutwhattheyhavesaidandtakelittlecareabouttheirslipsofthetongue.　　Freud（1901）wasalsothepersonwhopaysseriousattentiontoslipsofthetongue.Hebelievedthateveryslipofthetonguewasaconsequenceofdeeperunconsciousmotivationsthatallowedexpressionthroughsucherrors.Andwecallhistheoryas‘Freudianslips’.InhisbookPsychopathologyofEverydayLife，hepointedoutthatspeechdisturbancemaybecausedthroughtheinfluenceoffore-sounds，after-sounds，wordsfromthesamesentencethatwereintendedforexpression，aswellasthroughtheeffectofwordsoutsidethesentenceintended，thestimulusofwhichwouldotherwisenothavebeensuspected（SigmundFreud，1901）.

　　Also，peopleattachmoreandmoreimportancetoslipsofthetongueinChina.ZhangChunchao，afamouslinguist，believedthatthespeechisplannedinadvance，sothespeecherroriscontributedtolinguisticsmechanismratherthanthemotivationofconsciousnessinhisworkThePhenomenonofSlipsofTheTongue，Types，Causes，Solutions.

　　Aswetalk，weunconsciouslymakemorekindsoflittleerrorsthanweprobablythinkwedo.Usuallyweeitherdon’tnoticethematallorwegobackandcorrectthemsoquicklythatwewillstillcommittheerrorsontheotheroccasions.

　　1.2ThecurrentsituationofaverageChineseEnglish-learners

　　EvenforusuniversitystudentswhohavealreadystudiedEnglishfornearlyeightyears，itisstilldifficultforustospeakoutwhatwereallywanttosay.Indailylife，it’sverycommontohearChinesestudents’slipsoftongue，especiallywhenthestudentsarecommunicatingwitheachotherafterclass.However，withoutothers’correction，theycouldtendtocorrectatonceifrealizingit.

　　Severaldaysago，ImetoneofmyforeignfriendsinXihuEnglishCorner.Whenheaskedmewhentoleave，Ireplied“Iwillleft（leave）soon”.Ofcourse，Iknewthegrammar，butIdidn’tknowhowtheword“left”cameout.

　　Thiskindofphenomenonoccursalmosteverywhere—inEnglishlessons，Englishcorners，andsoon.Therefore，wemightinferthatnearlyallChineseEnglishlearnershavetheproblemoftheslipsoftongue，andthesufficientsolutionsoftheslipsoftongueshouldbeprovidedtothepublictoarisetheChineseEnglishlearners’awareness，withtheaimofimprovingtheChineseEnglishlearners’Englishlevel.

　　2.TheReasonsThatCauseSlipsoftheTongue

　　2.1InfluenceofPsychology

　　Weallexperiencethephenomenonofslipsofthetongue，whenweareexcited，confused，happyandsadorinterruptedbysomeotherthings.Wemightknowthattheeyesarethewindowofourheart，similarly，andthemouthcanalsotobeamirrorofourthought.Freud（1901）wasalsothepersonwhopaysseriousattentiontoslipsofthetongue.Hebelievedthateveryslipofthetonguewasaconsequenceofdeeperunconsciousmotivationsthatallowedexpressionthroughsucherrors，andwecallthistheoryas‘Freudianslips’.Inourdailylife，someslipsofthetonguearealwayscausedpsychologicallyandalwayscanreflectourintentions，wishes，motivations，emotionsandsoon.Takemyexperienceforexample，lastweek，ImetoneofmyfriendsElsaonWenyiRoad.Whensheaskedm