高考英语考前三个月文档专题三 阅读理解 第三步 题型突破七 Word版含答案.docx
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高考英语考前三个月文档专题三阅读理解第三步题型突破七Word版含答案
题型突破(七)主旨大意之文章或段落大意题
A
(2017·南京九中模拟)
Perhapseveryoldgenerationsinceancienttimeshascomplainedaboutyoungpeople,andtodayisnodifferent.Isn’titclearthatcomparedwithourgloriousselves,kidsthesedaysareself-absorbedsocialnetworkaddicts?
However,thissummer,myimpressionoftoday’skidshasbeenrestoredbythestoryofRachelBeckwith.Shecouldteachmygenerationagreatdealaboutmaturityandunselfishness—eventhoughshe’sjust9yearsold,orwaswhenshediedonJuly23.
Atage5,RachelhadherlonghairshornoffandsenttoLocksofLove,whichuseshairdonationstomakeartificialhairforchildrenwhohavelosttheirownhairbecauseofcancerorotherdiseases.Afterthat,Rachelannouncedthatshewouldgrowherhairlongagainanddonateitagain.Andthat’swhatshedid.
Thenwhenshewas8yearsold,herchurchbeganraisingmoneytobuildwellsinAfricathroughanorganizationcalledcharity:
water.Rachelwasastonishedwhenshelearnedthatotherchildrenhadnocleanwater,sosheskippedherninthbirthdayparty.Rachelsetupabirthdaypageonthecharity:
waterwebsitewithatargetof300.Insteadofpresents,sheaskedherfriendstodonate9eachtocharity:
water.FinallyRachelraisedonly220—whichhadleftherjustabitdisappointed.
Then,onJuly20,aserioustrafficaccidentleftRachelcriticallyinjured.Churchmembersandfriends,seekingsomewayofshowingsupport,begandonatingonRachel’sbirthdaypage—charitywater.org/Rachel—anddonationsreachedher300goal,andkeptrising.
ButRachelcouldn’thearthatshehadraisedbeyondthe47,544thatthesingerJustinBieberhadraisedforcharity:
wateronhis17thbirthday.“IthinkRachelwouldhavebeenoverjoyedforshesecretlyhadacrushon(迷恋……)him,”Rachel’smomsaid.
WhenitwasclearthatRachelwouldneverregainconsciousness,thefamilydecidedtoremovethelifesupportsystem.HerparentsdonatedherhairforthefinaltimetoLocksofLove,andherorganstootherchildren.
WordaboutRachel’slastfund-raisingspread.Contributionspouredin,oftenin9each.Thetotaldonationssoontopped100,000,then300,000.
Thisisastorynotjustofonegirl,butofayounggenerationofoutstandingproblem-solversworkingcreatively.
语篇解读 本文讲述了一个善良的女孩RachelBeckwith的慈善行为,告诉我们新一代的年轻人能够创造性地解决问题。
1.WhenwasitthatRachel’shairwasdonatedforthefinaltimetoLocksofLove?
A.Atherageof5.
B.Afterherdeath.
C.Rightafterthetrafficaccident.
D.Beforeherninthbirthday.
答案B
解析细节理解题。
根据文章倒数第三段可知是她的父母在她去世以后把她的头发捐给LocksofLove的。
故选B。
2.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?
A.Rachel’shairdonations.
B.Akindgirl,Rachel.
C.Theauthor’simpressionoftoday’skids.
D.AlessonfromRachel.
答案B
解析主旨大意题。
纵观全文可知,本文讲述一个善良的女孩子RachelBeckwith的慈善行为。
故选B。
3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftoday’skidsafterheknewthestoryofRachelBeckwith?
A.Theyaregoodatsocialnetwork.
B.Theyareunselfishasgrown-ups.
C.Theycangetproblemssettledeffectively.
D.Theyhavenarrowmindsandcareaboutnothing.
答案C
解析推理判断题。
根据文章最后一段中的“...butofayounggenerationofoutstandingproblem-solversworkingcreatively.”可知,作者在得知Rachel的故事之后,认为现在的孩子能够创造性地解决问题。
故选C。
B
(2017·南京九中模拟)
Forhighschoolleaversstartingoutintheworkingworld,itisveryimportanttolearnparticularskillsandpracticehowtobehaveinanintervieworhowtofindaninternship(实习).Insomecountries,schoolshaveprogramstohelpstudentsontothepathtowork.IntheUnitedStates,however,suchprogramsarestillfewandfarbehind.
Researchshowsthatifhighschoolsprovidecareer-relatedcourses,studentsarelikelytogethigherearningsinlateryears.Thestudentsaremorelikelytostayinschool,graduateandgoontohighereducation.
InGermany,studentsasyoungas13and14areexpectedtodointernships.Germancompaniesworkwithschoolstomakesurethatyoungpeoplegettheeducationtheyneedforfutureemployment.
ButinAmerica,educationreformprogramsfocusonhowwellstudentsdoinexamsinsteadofbringingthemintocontactwiththeworkingworld.HarvardEducationschoolprofessorRobertSchwartzhascriticizededucationreformersfortryingtoplaceallgraduatesdirectlyonthefour-yearcollegetrack.Schwartzarguedthatthisapproachleavesthecountry’smostvulnerable(易受影响的)kidswithnojobsandnoskills.
Schwartzbelievedthatthebestcareerprogramsencouragekidstogoforhighereducationwhilealsoteachthemvaluablepracticalskillsathighschool.JamesMadisonHighSchoolinNewYork,forexample,encouragesstudentstochooseclassesoncareer-basedcourses.Theschoolthenhelpsthemgainon-the-jobexperienceinthosefieldswhilethey’restillathighschool.
However,evenforteenswhoseschoolsencouragethemtoconnectwithwork,thejobmarketisdaunting.IntheUS,unemploymentratesfor16-to19-year-oldsareabove20percentforthethirdsummerinarow.
“Theriskisthatifteenagersmissoutonthesummerjobexperience,theywillbecomepartofthisgenerationofteenswhohadtroubleinlandingajob,”saidMichael,aresearcherintheUS.
语篇解读 本文通过与德国中学情况的比较,说明在美国中学里很缺乏有关职业的基本课程。
4.AccordingtoRobertSchwartz,highschoolstudentsshould.
A.directlycarryonhighereducation
B.getcontactwiththeworkingworld
C.focusontheirperformanceinexams
D.notmissoutonthesummerjobexperience
答案B
解析细节理解题。
根据第五段中的“Schwartzbelievedthatthebestcareerprogramsencouragekidstogoforhighereducationwhilealsoteachthemvaluablepracticalskillsathighschool.”可知,Schwartz认为美国中学生应该多学习一些与工作有关的实用技能。
故选B。
5.Theunderlinedword“daunting”inParagraph6mostprobablymeans“”.
A.incredibleB.motivating
C.impressiveD.discouraging
答案D
解析词义猜测题。
从画线词后的“IntheUS,unemploymentratesfor16-to19-year-oldsareabove20percentforthethirdsummerinarow.”可知,美国的失业率很高,故可推知它的就业市场是令人沮丧的。
故选D。
6.What’sthemainideaofthetext?
A.RemarksonrecentUShighschooleducationreform.
B.TipsonfindingjobsforhighschoolleaversintheUS.
C.Thelackofcareer-basededucationintheUShighschools.
D.TheseveresituationofunemploymentintheUS.
答案C
解析主旨大意题。
文章第一段点明主题:
在美国中学里有关职业的课程很缺乏,下文进行了具体的对比和介绍。
故选C。
7.Intheauthor’sopinion,Germanhighschoolleavers.
A.enjoymorecareer-relatedcoursesthanthatoftheUS
B.needmorecareeradvicefromtheirschools
C.performbetterinexamsthanAmericanstudents
D.arelessbroughtintocontactwiththeworkingworld
答案A
解析推理判断题。
根据第三段的介绍以及第四段第一句可知,德国的中学生比美国的中学生享有更多的与职业有关的课程教育。
故选A。
C
(2017·镇江一模)
Thehabit-formingprocesswithinourbrainsisathree-steploop(回路).First,thereisacue,atriggerthattellsyourbraintogointoautomaticmode(模式)andwhichhabittouse.Thenthereistheroutine,whichcanbephysicalormentaloremotional.Finally,thereisareward,whichhelpsyourbrainfigureoutifthisparticularloopisworthrememberingforthefuture.Overtime,thisloop—cues,routines,rewards—becomesmoreandmoreautomatic.Thecueandrewardbecomeintertwined(交织的)untilapowerfulsenseofanticipationandadesireappears.Eventually,ahabitisborn.
Habitsaren’tdestiny.Habitscanbeignored,changed,orreplaced.Butthereasonwhythediscoveryofthehabitloopissoimportantisthatitrevealsabasictruth:
Whenahabitappears,thebrainstopsfullyparticipatingindecision-making.Itstopsworkingsohard,orshiftsfocustoothertasks.Sounlessyoudeliberatelyfightahabit—unlessyoufindnewroutines—thepatternwillunfoldautomatically.
Habitsneverreallydisappear.They’reencoded(把……编码)intothestructuresofourbrain,andthat’sahugeadvantageforus,becauseitwouldbeawfulifwehadtorelearnhowtodriveaftereveryvacation.Theproblemisthatyourbraincan’ttellthedifferencebetweenbadandgoodhabits,andsoifyouhaveabadone,it’salwayslurking(潜伏)there,waitingfortherightcuesandrewards.
Thisexplainswhyit’ssohardtocreateexercisehabits,forinstance,orchangewhatweeat.Oncewedeveloparoutineofsittingonthesofa,ratherthanrunning,orsnackingwheneverwepassadoughnutbox,thosepatternsalwaysremaininsideourheads.Bythesamerule,though,ifwelearntocreatenewneurological(神经系统的)routinesthatoverpowerthosebehaviors—ifwetakecontrolofthehabitloop—wecanforcethosebadtendenciesintothebackground.Andoncesomeonecreatesanewpattern,studieshavedemonstrated,goingforajogorignoringthedoughnutsbecomesasautomaticasanyotherhabit.
Ofcourse,thosedecisionsarehabitual,effortless.Aslongasyourbasalganglia(基底核)iscompleteandthecuesremainconstant,thebehaviorswilloccurunthinkingly.Atthesametime,however,thebrain’sdependenceonautomaticroutinescanbedangerous.Habitsareoftenasmuchacurseasabenefit.
语篇解读 本文是一篇科普说明文。
文章主要介绍了习惯是如何形成的。
8.Whatcanwelearnaboutthehabitloopfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?
A.Ithelpsyourbrainunderstandwhatisworthremembering.
B.Itisathree-steploopconsistingofacue,aroutineandareward.
C.Itbecomesautomaticanddevelopsasenseofanticipationanddesire.
D.Itrevealsabasictruththatthepatternofahabitwillunfoldautomatically.
答案B
解析细节理解题。
根据前两段的内容,尤其是第一段中的“Thehabit-formingprocesswithinourbrainsisathree-steploop(回路).First,thereisacue...Thenthereistheroutine...Finally,thereisareward...”可知,习惯形成的过程是一个三步走的回路,分别是:
提示、惯例和奖励。
故选B项。
9.Theadvantageofhabitsneverreallydisappearingisthat.
A.wecaneasilychangewhatweeat
B.wedeveloparoutineofsittingonthesofa
C.wedon’tnecessarilylearnaskillagain
D.wecandistinguishbetweenbadandgoodhabits
答案C
解析细节理解题。
根据第三段中的“Habitsneverreallydisappear...itwouldbeawfulifwehadtorelearnhowtodriveaftereveryvacation.”可知,从未真正消失的习惯会被编入我们的大脑结构中,正是得益于此,我们不必重新学习一门技能。
故选C项。
10.WhatcanbeinferredfromthelastsentenceinParagraph4?
A.Habitscanbechangedandreplaced.
B.Habitscannotbeignoredorcreated.
C.Oldpatternsalwaysexistinourbrains.
D.Newpatternsseldomremaininourbrains.
答案A
解析推理判断题。
根据第四段最后一句“Andoncesomeonecreatesanewpattern,studieshavedemonstrated,goingforajogorignoringthedoughnutsbecomesasautomaticasanyotherhabit.”可知,研究表明,一旦有人创造了新的模式,慢跑或忽视甜甜圈就变得和任何其他的习惯一样自动化了。
由此可推断,习惯可以被改变或替代。
故选A项。
11.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?
A.Thediscoveryofthehabitloop.
B.Theautomaticpatternofhabits.
C.Theresearchonthehabit-formingprocess.
D.Thebrain’sdependenceonautomaticroutines.
答案B
解析主旨大意题。
本文主要介绍的是习惯的形成是一个自动化的过程,一旦人们创造了新的习惯回路模式,习惯就可以被忽略、改变或替换。
故B项最能概括文章主旨。
D
(2017·苏锡常镇四市二模)
Scientistsshouldbeallowedtochangeaperson’sDNAinwaysthatwillbepassedontofuturegenerations,butonlytopreventseriousandstronglyheritable(遗传)diseases,accordingtoanewreportfromtheNationalAcademyofSciencesandtheNationalAcademyofMedicine.However,makingchangestothesegenesinordertoimproveorchangetraitssuchasstrength,intelligenceorbeautyshouldremainoff-limits,thereportauthorsconcluded.
Changingtheso-calledgermline(种系)isillegalintheUnitedStates.Ithaslargelybeenconsideredethicallyoff-limitshereaswell,atleastwhilebioethicistsandscientistsconsideredtheunforeseeneffectsandunexaminedmoraldilemmasofusingnewgene-editing