文献翻译范例供参考1016.docx

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文献翻译范例供参考1016

英文翻译

分　院　海运学院

专业物流管理　　

届别2012届

学号084771115

姓名雷远航

指导教师刘桂云

2011年10月31日

<文献翻译一：

原文>

TheInternetofThings:

TheDeathofaTraditionalDatabase?

KeithG.Jeffery

DirectorIT&InternationalStrategy,ScienceandTechnologyFacilitiesCouncil,RutherfordAppletonLaboratory,

HarwellScienceandInnovationCampus,Chilton,Didcot,OxfordshireOX110QXUK

Abstract

Traditionaldatabaseresearchhasdevelopedtechnologytoensurethatthedatabase—evenwhendistributed—representstheworldofinterestwithintegrityandaconsistentstate.Importantconceptshavebeendevelopedandproven.However,theinternetofthingschallengesallthis.Verylargenumbersofnodeshandlevolumesthatarevast,thespeedisfastandthedata/informationspaceisglobal—indeedwithspacedata—universal.Thisposeschallenges.Whatdoestheconceptofastatemeanwhentheinformationmapoftherealworldofinterestisrepresentedacrossmillionsofnodes,manyofwhichareupdatinginreal-time?

Whatdoesatransactionlooklikewhenthedatabeingupdatedisspreadacrosshundredsorthousandsofnodeswithdifferingupdatepolicies?

Worse,howdoesonerollbackorcompensateatransaction?

Wehavealreadyseendatabaseresearchappliedtosemi-structureddata,tostreameddata,andreal-timeapplications.Isitpossibleforthesetechniquestobeappliedtotheinternetofthings?

Theinternetofthingsopensupmoreopportunitiesforsecuritycompromises.Howdowedeveloptrustbandsecuritytechniquesacrossmultiplepolicies?

Howdowepreventtheunauthorizeduseofprivateinformationyetpermitauthorizeduse?

Weneeddynamictrust,security,andprivacymanagement.Doweneedanewtheoreticalframework?

Keywords

Database,Futureinternet,Integrity,Process,State,Transaction,Workflow.

1.Introduction

ThereismuchactivityinEuropeandtheworldonpredictingthefutureofinformationandcommunicationtechnology（ICT）.ThereareroadmappingexercisesforRandDinvariousdomainstomeetthatpredictedfuture.TheEChassetupexpertgroupsand/orProjectscoveringGRIDs,CLOUDs,Service-OrientedArchitectures,quantumandbio-computing,newmaterials,human‑computerinteraction,andcognitivetechnologyamongothers.ThereismuchdiscussionofWeb2.0andbeyond.The‘InternetofThings’（http:

//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things）isastrongthemewitharecentEC（EuropeanCommission）conference（May2009）dedicatedtoit.TheformationoftheFIA（FutureInternetAssembly）underpinsthegroundswellofenthusiasmforthisidea,andIssue77ofERCIMNews[1]hasFutureInternetTechnologyasthespecialtheme,withaforewordbyVivianeReding,ECCommissionerforInformationSocietyandMedia,emphasizingtheimportance.Europeisestablishingane-InfrastructureandtheUSisestablishingitsCyberinfrastructure.

Databaseresearchers（withafewnotableexceptions）havenotbeenveryprominentinthesediscussions.Thisissurprising,asthemovementtowardtake‑upofthesenewtechnologiesbythebusinessworldpioneeredintheresearchfieldwillrequire,attheleast,interoperationwiththeexistingdatabasetechnology,andmostlikelyafurtherwholesaleevolutionaryorrevolutionarydevelopment

ofthedatabasetechnology,toadapttothenewenvironment.Databaseresearchhasmovedtoincludesemi-structureddataanditsprocessingandmanagingofdatastreams.Thereisworkonschemamatchingandmappingforinteroperation（sometimesinthecontextofDataspaces）,andondomainontologies.Thereisstillongoingworkonweb-databaseinterfaces,modeling,andsystemsdevelopment.Workonperformanceorqueryoptimizationwithnewalgorithmscontinues,asdoesoptimizedstoragearchitecture—includingP2P（PeertoPeer）.

Wherearetheadvancesindatabaseresearchmatching—and/orcontributingto—thehugeadvancesin（amongothers）socialnetworking,contentcreationandrepurposing,gaming,sensorsystems,robotics,autonomicsystems,visualization,userinteraction,systemsandsoftwaredevelopment,andservice-orientedarchitecture?

2.AVision

Thevisionhasitsrootsin[2]withsubsequentrefinements[3,4]leadingtoananalysisandsynthesisperformedin2008andupdatedin2009byERCIM（www.ercim.org）.ItisbasedonthearchitectureproposedfortheUKe-Scienceprogram[2]andisrepresentedinFigure1.

Letusimagineapossiblestatein20years’time.TheproblemsfacingEurope—andtheworld—（fromcontinentthroughcountrytoindividualpersonscale）arelarge,complex,andrequireunprecedentedscientific,mathematical,andITskillsfortheirsolution.

Thereisafast,reliable,inexpensivee-infrastructureprovidingallcommunicationservices.Personsareconnectedtothee-infrastructureviapersonalcomputerdevicesthatarecontinuouslyonline.Thenetworkingcomponentsofthee-infrastructureinvisiblyprovideoptimalconnectivityintermsofperformance,reliability,cost,andsecurity.Thee-infrastructurephysicallysenses,detects,records,andcurateseverything,usingallthecomputers,storagedevices,networks,andsensors.Subjecttosecurity,privacy,ownershipandcommercialrightsallcomputational,storage,detector,andcommunicationfacilitiesareavailabletoeveryone.Detectorsandsubsystemswilloccurinallenvironments,acrossallindustriesandsocialservices,asalsointhehomeenvironment.Subsystemsareembeddedwithinthee-infrastructure—forexamplecontrolsystemsforutilities—includingpersonaltransport.Othersubsystemswillberoboticforagriculture,manufacturing,healthcare,andotherapplications.Thise-infrastructurevisionhasmajorimplications:

1.Thereisacontinuingandacceleratingneedforeverfaster,smaller,cheaper,andmoreenergy-efficient（andlessheat-producing）devices.Atsomepointbiologically-inspiredsystemswilldominateandwillcompete/cooperatewithquantum-basedtechnologies.

2.New‘intelligentmaterials’willbedeveloped,whichwillallowartifactstobeconstructed‘internet-ready’.Thesewillrangefromagriculturalproductsthroughtomanufacturedproducts.

3.Theopenavailabilityofeverythingsimplifiesthephysicalaccessandimprovestheperformance,

Includingreducinglatency,butwilldemandever‑increasingperformance,scalability,reliability,andself-management.

4.Themiddlewareofthee-infrastructurebearsheavyresponsibilities:

（a）forprovidingtheself‑*characteristics（self-managing,self-tuning,self-repairing）ofareliablee-infrastructure;（b）foridentification,authorization,trust,security,privacy,andaccesscontrol;（c）forhidingthecomplexitythroughvirtualizationandabstraction,thusprovidinghomogeneousaccesstoandutilizationofheterogeneousfacilities.

Thei-infrastructurereliesontheunderlyinge-infrastructureandconvertsthedata（structured,semi-structured,andunstructured）toinformation.Thei-infrastructureprovidestheprocessingcapabilitiestocollect,structure,manage,describe,andmanipulatetheinformation.Itprovidescomputationalmodeling/simulationfacilitiestogeneratenewinformation.TheprocessingcapabilitieswillbeService-OrientedKnowledgeUtilities（SOKUs）whicharediscoverable/composableanddynamicallytunable,basedonpropertiesdescribedbytheirmetadata.ThereisamassiveAmountofcontent:

Fromstructuredverifieddataandinformationthroughtopersonallyauthoredsocialnetworkingartifacts,andfromdatastreamsgeneratedbydetectorsthroughtoentertainmentandeducationmaterial.Thevolumesofdataandinformationwillprecludeshippingdatatoprocessorswithappropriatesoftware;ratherweshallneedtoshipsoftwaretothedata.

Thek-Infrastructuremanagesknowledge;allowingdifferingsemanticdescriptionsoveraformalsyntaxinthei-layer.Thisisthedomainwherehumansordataminingextractknowledgefrominformationbydeductionorinduction,wherethatknowledgeiscodifiedandstoredforuseinoptimizingthee-andi-layers,andforinterfacingtointelligentapplicationsandintelligentuserinterfacesintheoverlyingapplicationlayer.

Relyingonthise-,i-,andk-infrastructureareapplications.TheyalsowillbeconstructedfromSOKUs.TheSOKUswillhavefunctionalcharacteristicsandtheirnonfunctionalcharacteristics（includingperformance,security,anduse-conditionaspects）willbedeterminedbyawell-definedinterfacetothee-infrastructure.Sucharchitectureallowsextensivere-useofwell-triedcomponentsandtherapiddevelopmentofapplications,usingthemandadditionalnewservicesspecificallyforaparticularapplication.TheapplicationswillrangefromgamesandedutainmentthroughtoB2C（Business‑to‑customer）andB2B（business-to-business）transactionswithinanE2E（enterprise-to-enterprise）environmentandontoadvancedRandDactivities.Decision-makingwillbebasednotjustonstructuredinformationandknowledgeinductionanddeductionutilizinginformation,butalsoonsimulations.Theseapplicationswillbeavailable（underappropriateconditionsdeterminedbytherestrictivemetadata）toeveryone.Someapplicationswillbegeneralandwidelyapplicable—rangingfromentertainmentandgamesthroughcooperativeworking/socializingtoinformationmanagementandanalysis.Thesearelikelytobepre-composedandoptimizedforefficiency.Someapplicationswillbehighlyspecializedforparticularindustrial/commercialsectorsorforsocialsectorssuchashealthcareandenvironment;thesewillbeconstructeddynamicallyatdemand-time.

Theend-userwillinteractwiththeapplicationsviaasetofpersonalizeddevices—includingrobots—providingservices.Eachdevice-basedservicewillhaveassociatedrole-basedprofiles（meta