文献翻译范例供参考1016.docx

1、文献翻译范例供参考1016 英文翻译分 院 海 运 学 院 专 业 物 流 管 理 届 别 2012届 学 号 084771115 姓 名 雷远航 指导教师 刘桂云 2011 年 10 月 31日The Internet of Things: The Death of a Traditional Database?Keith G. JefferyDirector IT & International Strategy, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,Harwell Scienc

2、e and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX UKAbstractTraditional database research has developed technology to ensure that the database even when distributed represents the world of interest with integrity and a consistent state. Important concepts have been developed and proven.

3、 However, the internet of things challenges all this. Very large numbers of nodes handle volumes that are vast, the speed is fast and the data/information space is global indeed with space data universal. This poses challenges. What does the concept of a state mean when the information map of the re

4、al world of interest is represented across millions of nodes, many of which are updating in real-time? What does a transaction look like when the data being updated is spread across hundreds or thousands of nodes with differing update policies? Worse, how does one roll back or compensate a transacti

5、on? We have already seen database research applied to semi-structured data, to streamed data, and real-time applications. Is it possible for these techniques to be applied to the internet of things? The internet of things opens up more opportunities for security compromises. How do we develop trust

6、band security techniques across multiple policies? How do we prevent the unauthorized use of private information yet permit authorized use? We need dynamic trust, security, and privacy management. Do we need a new theoretical framework?KeywordsDatabase, Future internet, Integrity, Process, State, Tr

7、ansaction, Workflow. 1. IntroductionThere is much activity in Europe and the world on predicting the future of information and communication technology (ICT). There are roadmapping exercises for R and D in various domains to meet that predicted future. The EC has set up expert groups and/or Projects

8、 covering GRIDs, CLOUDs, Service-Oriented Architectures, quantum and bio-computing, new materials, humancomputer interaction, and cognitive technology among others. There is much discussion of Web2.0 and beyond. The Internet of Things (http:/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things) is a strong the

9、me with a recent EC (European Commission) conference (May 2009) dedicated to it. The formation of the FIA (Future Internet Assembly) underpins the groundswell of enthusiasm for this idea, and Issue 77 of ERCIM News 1 has Future Internet Technology as the special theme, with a foreword by Viviane Red

10、ing, EC Commissioner for Information Society and Media, emphasizing the importance. Europe is establishing an e-Infrastructure and the US is establishing its Cyberinfrastructure.Database researchers (with a few notable exceptions) have not been very prominent in these discussions. This is surprising

11、, as the movement toward takeup of these new technologies by the business world pioneered in the research field will require, at the least, interoperation with the existing database technology, and most likely a further wholesale evolutionary or revolutionary developmentof the database technology, t

12、o adapt to the new environment. Database research has moved to include semi-structured data and its processing and managing of data streams. There is work on schema matching and mapping for interoperation (sometimes in the context of Dataspaces), and on domain ontologies. There is still ongoing work

13、 on web-database interfaces, modeling, and systems development. Work on performance or query optimization with new algorithms continues, as does optimized storage architecture including P2P (Peer to Peer).Where are the advances in database research matching and/or contributing to the huge advances i

14、n (among others) social networking, content creation and repurposing, gaming, sensor systems, robotics, autonomic systems, visualization, user interaction, systems and software development, and service-oriented architecture?2. A VisionThe vision has its roots in 2 with subsequent refinements 3,4 lea

15、ding to an analysis and synthesis performed in 2008 and updated in 2009 by ERCIM (www.ercim.org). It is based on the architecture proposed for the UK e-Science program 2 and is represented in Figure 1.Let us imagine a possible state in 20 years time. The problems facing Europe and the world (from co

16、ntinent through country to individual person scale) are large, complex, and require unprecedented scientific, mathematical, and IT skills for their solution.There is a fast, reliable, inexpensive e-infrastructure providing all communication services. Persons are connected to the e-infrastructure via

17、 personal computer devices that are continuously online. The networking components of the e-infrastructure invisibly provide optimal connectivity in terms of performance, reliability, cost, and security. The e-infrastructure physically senses, detects, records, and curates everything, using all the

18、computers, storage devices, networks, and sensors. Subject to security, privacy, ownership and commercial rights all computational, storage, detector, and communication facilities are available to everyone. Detectors and subsystems will occur in all environments, across all industries and social ser

19、vices, as also in the home environment. Subsystems are embedded within the e-infrastructure for example control systems for utilities including personaltransport. Other subsystems will be robotic for agriculture, manufacturing, healthcare, and other applications. This e-infrastructure vision has maj

20、or implications:1. There is a continuing and accelerating need for ever faster, smaller, cheaper, and more energy-efficient (and less heat-producing) devices. At some point biologically-inspired systems will dominate and will compete/cooperate with quantum-based technologies.2. New intelligent mater

21、ials will be developed, which will allow artifacts to be constructed internet-ready. These will range from agricultural products through to manufactured products.3. The open availability of everything simplifies the physical access and improves the performance,Including reducing latency, but will de

22、mand everincreasing performance, scalability, reliability, and self-management.4. The middleware of the e-infrastructure bears heavy responsibilities: (a) for providing the self* characteristics (self-managing, self-tuning, self- repairing) of a reliable e-infrastructure; (b) for identification, aut

23、horization, trust, security, privacy, and access control; (c) for hiding the complexity through virtualization and abstraction, thus providing homogeneous access to and utilization of heterogeneous facilities.The i-infrastructure relies on the underlying e-infrastructure and converts the data (struc

24、tured, semi-structured, and unstructured) to information. The i-infrastructure provides the processing capabilities to collect, structure, manage, describe, and manipulate the information. It provides computational modeling/simulation facilities to generate new information. The processing capabiliti

25、es will be Service-Oriented Knowledge Utilities (SOKUs) which are discoverable/composable and dynamically tunable, based on properties described by their metadata. There is a massive Amount of content: From structured verified data and information through to personally authored social networking art

26、ifacts, and from data streams generated by detectors through to entertainment and education material. The volumes of data and information will preclude shipping data to processors with appropriate software; rather we shall need to ship software to the data.The k-Infrastructure manages knowledge; all

27、owing differing semantic descriptions over a formal syntax in the i-layer. This is the domain where humans or data mining extract knowledge from information by deduction or induction, where that knowledge is codified and stored for use in optimizing the e- and i- layers, and for interfacing to intel

28、ligent applications and intelligent user interfaces in the overlying application layer.Relying on this e-, i-, and k-infrastructure are applications. They also will be constructed from SOKUs. The SOKUs will have functional characteristics and their nonfunctional characteristics (including performanc

29、e, security, and use-condition aspects) will be determined by a well-defined interface to the e-infrastructure. Such architecture allows extensive re-use of well-tried components and the rapid development of applications, using them and additional new services specifically for a particular applicati

30、on. The applications will range from games and edutainment through to B2C (Businesstocustomer) and B2B (business-to-business) transactions within an E2E (enterprise-to-enterprise) environment and on to advanced R and D activities. Decision-making will be based not just on structured information and

31、knowledge induction and deduction utilizing information, but also on simulations. These applications will be available (under appropriate conditions determined by the restrictive metadata) to everyone. Some applications will be general and widely applicable ranging from entertainment and games throu

32、gh cooperative working/socializing to information management and analysis. These are likely to be pre-composed and optimized for efficiency. Some applications will be highly specialized for particular industrial/commercial sectors or for social sectors such as healthcare and environment; these will be constructed dynamically at demand-time.The end-user will interact with the applications via a set of personalized devices including robots providing services. Each device-based service will have associated role-based profiles (meta