可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译.docx
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可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译
可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译
外文题目:
Sustainabledevelopmentandgroundwaterresourcesexploitation
出处:
EnvironmentalGeology342/3May1998Springer-Verlag
作者:
F.VillarroyaC.R.Aldwell
Sustainabledevelopmentandgroundwaterresourcesexploitation
AbstractInevaluatinggroundwaterdevelopmentboththepositiveandnegativeeffectsmustbeconsidered;otherwisebiasedconclusionsmaybereached.Onlywithequalconcernfortheneedsofpresentandfuturegenerations,fairexchangeoftechnologybetweencountriesanduserinvolvementcansustainablegroundwaterdevelopmentbeachieved.Examinationoftheuseofthetermaquiferoverexploitationshowsthatthereisnoagreementonasingledefinition.Inmostcasesitrelatestotheoveruseofaquifers,butinothercasesitisaplannedoveruse.
InSpain,overexploitationisdealtwithinthewateractandimplementedbytheregulationsthatenforcethatact.Experiencehasshownthatwithoutthecooperationofthewaterusersthemselves,goodresultsarenotobtained.Relevanteducationisurgentlyneededforthepublicandthosedecisionmakersresponsiblefordeterminingthecorrectuseof
groundwaterresourcesforthepresentandfuturegenerations.
KeywordsGroundwaterdevelopment,Aquiferoverexploitation
Arefuturegroundwaterresourcesatrisk?
Toanswerthequestionwhetherfuturegroundwaterresourcesareatrisk,itisnecessarytostudyboththequantityandqualityaspectsofgroundwater.WatersurfaceandgroundwaterisoneofthemostpervasivesubstancesonEarth.Thetotalvolumeofallwaterisabout1400million
km3,butonly2%isfreshwater.Thecurrentrateofwithdrawalisabout3500km3/year,some2100km3forconsumptiveuse,while1400km3ofwastewaterisreturnedtorivers.Groundwaterwithdrawalspercentbysectorsare:
domestic,industryandagricultureShiklomanov1991.Margat1991stressedtheneedtoimprovewaterevaluationstudiesandquantifiedtheamountofgroundwaterpumpageuseinvariouscountries.
Hislistplacesthefirstfifteencountriesasfollowsinkm3peryear:
India150,USA101,China74.6,USSRformer45,Pakistan45,Iran29,Mexico23,Japan13.1,Italy12.1,Germany9.5,SaudiArabia7.4,France7,Spain6.3,Turkey5andMadagascar4.9.
Themainthreattogroundwatertodayisfrompointanddiffusesourcepollution.Thereforegroundwaterqualityprotectionisthekeyissueofgroundwaterresourcespolicyintheindustrializedcountries.Therearemanysourcesofrisktogroundwater,asdiscussedintheseminarongroundwaterfortheEUcountries.RIVMandRIZA1991summarizetheproblemsandthreatstogroundwaterresources.ThecurrentpracticesinalltheEUcountriesleadtoanon-sustainableuseofgroundwatersystems.ThedramaticDublinStatementemphasizestheunsustainableuseofgroundwater:
“Humanhealthandwelfare,foodsecurity,industrialdevelopmentandtheecosystemsonwhichtheydepend,areallatrisk,unlesswaterandlandresourcesaremanagedmoreeffectivelyinthepresentdecadeandbeyondthantheyhavebeeninthepast”.
Groundwaterresourcesexploitationandsustainabledevelopment
Whatdoessustainabledevelopmentmean?
Infact,weareaskingifweareusingwiselytheresourcesneededforourlife-supportsystemThegeneralconclusionoftheseminarofministersoftheEnvironmentoftheEUcountries,wasthatinmanycountriessustainableuseofgroundwaterfordrinkingandotherindustrial,ecological,etc.functionsisbeingthreatened,especiallyintheagriculturalandindustrialcoreregionsoftheEU.
Sustainabledevelopmentmustsatisfypresentneedswithoutjeopardizingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstosatisfytheirs.Overexploitationmaytakeplaceduringaperiodtoallowbetteruseofotherresources,orwhileothertechnologiesdevelop.Uncontrolledaquiferdevelopmenteasilyleadstoextensiveaquiferexploitationandeventosevereformsofoverexploitation.
Aquiferexploitationandsustainabledevelopment
Margat1993speaksofMalthusianunderexploitationinthecaseofinadequateuseofanaquifer.IntheopinionofCustodio1993,“intensiveaquiferexploitationisasourceofwealth,whichfostersregionaldevelopmentandhelpstoguaranteeasupplyuntilotherwatersourcescanbeeconomicallydeveloped”.
Groundwateroverexploitationhasaseriesofnegativeconsequences,suchasincreasingwatercost,environmentalchangesaffectsonwetlands,salinityproblems,etc,reductionofotherwatersourcesalreadyinuse,watersalinizationandimpairmentofquality.Thenetresult,however,maybeeithernegativeorpositive.Positiveresultsdominateataregionallevel,butnegativeresultsare“newsthattriggeralarmbellsandMalthusianforecstsmundertheheadingofoverexploitation”Custodio1993.Ontheotherhand,intensiveexploitationoroverdraftaremainlypointsofview,referringtotheconsequencesofintensivegroundwateruse,asperceivedbyenvironmentalists,thenewsmediaandthepublicin
general,andplaceemphasisontheadverseordetrimentalaspects.
Therefore,inordertoevaluategroundwaterexploitation,notonlynegativeeffectsbutalsopositiveoneshavetobeconsidered:
“otherwiseabiasedappraisalmaybereached.Normally,practiceshowsusthatbeneficialaspectsdominateoverdetrimentalonesinmostpracticalsituations”Custodio1993.Accordingtothislastauthor,themostseriouscauseofaquiferexploitationisignoranceofwhatishappening,andnegligenceinproducingthedataneededtoevaluatethehydrogeologicalandeconomicsituationcorrectly.Anotherharmfuleffectistheirresponsibleoverreactionofwaterauthorities,especiallywhentheyarepoorlyinformedorlackthescientificandtechnicalskillstoevaluatecurrentproblemscorrectly.
Themostimportantactionistosolveproblemsastheyappearandnotwastetimeandenergyindefiningterms.Anyexploitationofwaterresourcesthatisnotmanagedinanintegratedway,takingintoaccounttheneedsofthepresentandfuturegenerations,putstheseresourcesatrisk.Suchdevelopmentthereforeisnotsustainable.
RegulatoryissuesrelatedtoaquiferoverexploitationAquiferoverexploitation
Theintroductionlistsseveralrecentconferenceswhichhavehighlightedoverexploitationofaquifers.Withintheconferenceproceedings,thereisnosingleagreeddefinitionofoverexploitation.
SpanishLegislationRoyalDecree849/1986definesitinarticle171.2inthefollowingterms:
“Anaquifershallbeconsideredtobeoverexploited,orindangerthereof,ifthereservesexistingthereinarebeingplacedinimmediatedangerasaresultofannualwithdrawalsthatareinexcessof,orverycloseto,thevolumeoftheaverageannualrechargerenewableresourceorwhichgiverisetoseriousdeteriorationinthequalityofthewater
AccordingtoDijonandCustodio1992,exceedingthelimitsofarenewableresourceisnotnecessarilyoverexploitation.Conversely,stayingwithinthelimitsofthesamedoesnotnecessarilyimplythatallundesirableeffectsarebeingavoidedandthebeneficialeffectsenhanced.
Llamas1992suggestseithertheeliminationoraveryrestricteduseoftheterm.Inbrief,hedefinesoverexploitation“sensustricto”as
allextractionofgroundwaterwhichhaseffectsphysical,chemical,economic,ecologicalorsocialwhicharenegativeforhumanlife,noworinthefuture.Thistypeofoverexploitationshouldbeavoidedformoralreasons.Forexploitationbasedontheextractionofwatergreaterthantheaveragerechargeoftheaquiferhesuggeststheterm“overexploitationsensulato”.
Inthepaperspresentedatthe23rdInternationalCongressofIAH,itwasstatedthatinmanycases,overexploitationissynonymouswithinefficientexploitationofanaquiferVillarroya1994;VillarroyaandRebollo1993.Duringthiscongressnumerousexamplesof“excessiveexploitation”Custodio1991fromallovertheworldwerepresented,andasummarycanbefoundinDijonandCustodio1992.
Howcanalackofwaterresourcesaffectland-useplanning?
associations
Asalreadydescribed,theoverexploitationofanaquiferhasamarkedinfluenceontheplanningandusesofland.Waterusers
willplayaveryimportantroleinregulatingtheexploitationofnaturalresourcesingeneral,andespeciallyofwaterresources.TheparticipationofcitizensthroughNGOssuchasthewaterusers'associationshasbeenshowntobeveryeffectiveand,onmanyoccasions,hasalleviatedseriousproblemsconcerningtheexploitationofthewaterresourcesofaregion.Theassociationshavealsobeenshowntobeeffectiveaswatchdogstoensurethatrestrictionsandregulationsarebeingcompliedwith.Inthissensewaterauthoritiesshouldtreatthemasalliesandnotopponents.
Insomesituationsgroundwaterhasanstrategicroleataninternationallevel.Someauthorsemphasizetheimportantrolegroundwatercanplayinsecuringatleastatemporallyindependentsupply.Goodexamplesofthistypeofsupplyarefoundinthenear-easterncountries.Margat1992,distinguishedthreetypesofsituation:
1.Countrieswithrenewableresourcesthereforeindependentofothers:
Lebanon,Yemen,TheCisjordanandMagrebstates.
2.Countrieswithoutrenewableresourceswhichminewater;theArab
Emirates,Qatar,Oman,SyriaandSaudiArabia.Soonerorlater,theywillbecomedependentonotherstates.
3.
waterforoil
Countrieswhichdependheavilyonothersforwater;Egypt,Sudan,Syria,Iraq,IsraelandJordan.Margatforeseesafutureof“exchanging
betweenthesenear-easterncountries,andtheestablishmentofnewrelationsforcedbylackofwater.Shamir1993goesevenfurtherandconsiderswatertobeanextremelyimportantfactorinpeacenegotiations.Thus,waterisnotonlyavaluableresourcebut