可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译.docx

1、可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译本科毕业论文外文翻译外 文 题 目 :Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitation出处:Environmental Geology 34 2/3 May 1998Springer-Verlag作 者 :F. VillarroyaC. R. AldwellSustainable development and groundwater resources exploitationAbstractIn evaluating groundwater d

2、evelopment both the positive and negative effects must be considered; otherwise biased conclusions may be reached. Only with equal concern for the needs of present and future generations, fair exchange of technology between countries and user involvement can sustainable groundwater development be ac

3、hieved. Examination of the use of the term aquifer overexploitation shows that there is no agreement on a single definition. In most cases it relates to the overuse of aquifers, but in other cases it is a planned overuse.In Spain, overexploitation is dealt with in the water act and implemented by th

4、e regulations that enforce that act. Experience has shown that without the cooperation of the water users themselves, good results are not obtained. Relevant education is urgently needed for the public and those decision makers responsible for determining the correct use ofgroundwater resources for

5、the present and future generations.Key wordsGroundwater development , Aquifer overexploitationAre future groundwater resources at risk?To answer the question whether future groundwater resources are at risk, it is necessary to study both the quantity and quality aspects of groundwater. Water surface

6、 and groundwater is one of the most pervasive substances on Earth. The total volume of all water is about 1400 millionkm3, but only 2% is fresh water. The current rate of withdrawal is about 3500 km3/year, some 2100km3 for consumptive use, while 1400 km3 of wastewater is returned to rivers. Groundwa

7、ter withdrawals percent by sectors are: domestic, industry and agriculture Shiklomanov 1991. Margat 1991 stressed the need to improve water evaluation studies and quantified the amount of groundwater pumpage use in various countries.His list places the first fifteen countries as follows in km3 per y

8、ear: India 150, USA1 01, China 74.6,USSR former 45, Pakistan 45, Iran 29, Mexico 23, Japan 13.1, Italy 12.1, Germany9 .5, Saudi Arabia 7.4, France 7, Spain 6.3, Turkey 5 and Madagascar 4.9.The main threat to groundwater today is from point and diffuse source pollution. Therefore groundwater quality

9、protection is the key issue of groundwater resources policy in the industrialized countries. There are many sources of risk to groundwater, as discussed in the seminar on groundwater for the EU countries. RIVM and RIZA 1991 summarize the problems and threats to ground water resources. The current pr

10、actices in all the EU countries lead to a non-sustainable use of groundwater systems. The dramatic Dublin Statement emphasizes the unsustainable use of groundwater: “Human health and welfare, food security, industrial development and the ecosystems on which they depend, are all at risk, unless water

11、 and land resources are managed more effectively in the present decade and beyond than they have been in the past ”.Groundwater resources exploitation and sustainable developmentWhat does sustainable development mean? In fact, we are asking if we are using wisely the resources needed for our life-su

12、pport systemThe general conclusion of the seminar of ministers of the Environment of the EU countries , was that in many countries sustainable use of groundwater for drinking and other industrial, ecological, etc. functions is being threatened, especially in the agricultural and industrial core regi

13、ons of the EU.Sustainable development must satisfy present needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to satisfy theirs. Overexploitation may take place during a period to allow better use of other resources, or while other technologies develop. Uncontrolled aquifer development eas

14、ily leads to extensive aquifer exploitation and even to severe forms of overexploitation.Aquifer exploitation and sustainable developmentMargat 1993 speaks of Malthusian under exploitation in the case of inadequate use of an aquifer. In the opinion of Custodio 1993, “intensive aquifer exploitation i

15、s a source of wealth, which fosters regional development and helps to guarantee a supply until other water sources can be economically developed ”.Groundwater overexploitation has a series of negative consequences, such as increasing water cost, environmental changes affects on wetlands, salinity pr

16、oblems, etc, reduction of other water sources already in use, water salinization and impairment of quality. The net result, however, may be either negative or positive. Positive results dominate at a regional level, but negative results are “news that trigger alarm bells and Malthusian forecstsm und

17、er the heading of overexploitation ” Custodio 1993. On the other hand, intensive exploitation or overdraft are mainly points of view, referring to the consequences of intensive groundwater use, as perceived by environmentalists, the news media and the public ingeneral, and place emphasis on the adve

18、rse or detrimental aspects.Therefore, in order to evaluate groundwater exploitation, not only negative effects but also positive ones have to be considered: “otherwise a biased appraisal may be reached. Normally, practice shows us that beneficial aspects dominate over detrimental ones in most practi

19、cal situations ” Custodio 1993. According to this last author, the most serious cause of aquifer exploitation is ignorance of what is happening, and negligence in producing the data needed to evaluate the hydrogeological and economic situation correctly. Another harmful effect is the irresponsible o

20、verreaction of water authorities, especially when they are poorly informed or lack the scientific and technical skills to evaluate current problems correctly.The most important action is to solve problems as they appear and not waste time and energy in defining terms. Any exploitation of water resou

21、rces that is not managed in an integrated way, taking into account the needs of the present and future generations, puts these resources at risk. Such development therefore is not sustainable.Regulatory issues related to aquifer overexploitation Aquifer overexploitationThe introduction lists several

22、 recent conferences which have highlighted overexploitation of aquifers. Within the conference proceedings, there is no single agreed definition of overexploitation.Spanish Legislation Royal Decree 849/1986 defines it in article 171.2 in the following terms: “An aquifer shall be considered to be ove

23、rexploited, or in danger thereof, if the reserves existing therein are being placed in immediate danger as a result of annual withdrawals that are in excess of, or very close to, the volume of the average annual recharge renewable resource or which give rise to serious deterioration in the quality o

24、f the waterAccording to Dijon and Custodio 1992, exceeding the limits of a renewable resource is not necessarily overexploitation. Conversely, staying within the limits of the same does not necessarily imply that all undesirable effects are being avoided and the beneficial effects enhanced.Llamas 19

25、92 suggests either the elimination or a very restricted use of the term. In brief, he defines overexploitation “sensu stricto ” asall extraction of groundwater which has effects physical, chemical, economic, ecological or social which are negative for human life, now or in the future. This type of o

26、verexploitation should be avoided for moral reasons. For exploitation based on the extraction of water greater than the average recharge of the aquifer he suggests the term “overexploitation sensu lato ”.In the papers presented at the 23rd International Congress of IAH, it was stated that in many ca

27、ses, overexploitation is synonymous with in efficient exploitation of an aquifer Villarroya 1994; Villarroya and Rebollo 1993. During this congress numerous examples of “excessive exploitation ” Custodio 1991 from all over the world were presented, and a summary can be found in Dijon and Custodio 19

28、92.How can a lack of water resources affect land-use planning?associationsAs already described, the overexploitation of an aquifer has a marked influence on the planning and uses of land. Water userswill play a very important role in regulating the exploitation of natural resources in general, and e

29、specially of water resources. The participation of citizens through NGOs such as the water users associations has been shown to be very effective and, on many occasions, has alleviated serious problems concerning the exploitation of the water resources of a region. The associations have also been sh

30、own to be effective as watchdogs to ensure that restrictions and regulations are being complied with. In this sense water authorities should treat them as allies and not opponents.In some situations groundwater has an strategic role at an international level. Some authors emphasize the important rol

31、e groundwater can play in securing at least a temporally independent supply. Good examples of this type of supply are found in the near-eastern countries. Margat 1992, distinguished three types of situation:1.Countries with renewable resources therefore independent of others:Lebanon, Yemen , The Cis

32、jordan and Magreb states.2.Countries without renewable resources which mine water; the ArabEmirates, Qatar, Oman, Syria and Saudi Arabia. Sooner or later, they will become dependent on other states.3.water for oilCountries which depend heavily on others for water; Egypt, Sudan, Syria, Iraq, Israel a

33、nd Jordan. Margat foresees a future of “exchangingbetween these near -eastern countries, and the establishment of new relations forced by lack of water. Shamir 1993 goes even further and considers water to be an extremely important factor in peace negotiations. Thus, water is not only a valuable resource but