整理医学词汇复习提纲47.docx
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整理医学词汇复习提纲47
(5)建设项目对环境影响的经济损益分析。
(三)环境影响评价的原则
规划环境影响的跟踪评价应当包括下列内容:
2.环境影响评价工作等级的划分依据
另外,环境影响评价三个层次的意义,环境影响评价的资质管理、分类管理,建设项目环境影响评价的内容,规划环境影响评价文件的内容,环境价值的衡量还可能是将来考试的重点。
4.广泛参与原则。
2.环境影响评价技术导则
3.政府部门规章
一、环境影响评价的发展与管理体系、相关法律法规体系和技术导则的应用
3)应用污染物排放标准时,依据项目所属行业、环境功能区、排放的污染物种类和环境影响评价文件的批准时间确定采用何种标准。
综合性排放标准与行业性排放标准不交叉执行,即:
有行业排放标准的执行行业排放标准,没有行业排放标准的执行综合排放标准。
医学词汇复习提纲(Chapter4-7)
ChapterFourWordformationofMedicalTerms
Seventypesofwordformation
1.affixation
2.composition
3.conversion
4.blending
5.backformation
6.clipping
7.acronym
Affixation
semanticallyoriented
addnewmeaningwithoutchangingthepartofspeech
1.autograft自体(身)移植物
auto-self
2.graft:
Material,especiallylivingtissueoranorgan,surgicallyattachedtoorinsertedintoabodilyparttoreplaceadamagedpartorcompensateforadefect
3.Isograft同系移植物,同基因移植物(identicaltwins
iso-equal;uniform
isoantibody
isoantigen
isoconcentration
isotonic
4.allograft(同种)异体移植物,异基因移植=homograft
allo-Other;different
allogenous异源的,异生的
allosome异染色体,异形染色体
5.xenograft异种移植物=heterograft
xeno-strange;foreign;different
xenophobia
xenophthalmia异物性眼炎
6.Intracranial
intra-within
7.antiallergenic
anti-against、allergenic引起过敏的
antineoplastic//neoplastic,瘤形成的
8.Restenosis
re-again,back
Stenosis:
Aconstrictionornarrowingofaductorpassage;astricture
9.asymptomatic
a-without
symptomatic:
pertainingtosymptom
10.Nondiabetic//non-not
1.hyperlipidemia
hyper-morethannormalornecessary
lipid-lipid,fat
(h)em-blood
-iaabnormalcondition
2.heterogeneous
hetero-other;different
geneous:
ofkindortype
suffixation
basicallyclass-changing
changethepartofspeech
×immune
immunity
immunize
immunization
×eradication
specificity
sensitivity
suckling(suck+-ling:
Onethatisyoung,small,orinferior)=Ayoungmammalthathasnotbeenweaned
Patternsofaffixation
prefix+root
inject
in-(into)+jec(t)-(tothrow)
putmaterialintoaparticularlocation,oftenusingasyringe
prefix+combiningvowel+root
Ectodermtheouterlaveroftheembryo
ect-(outside)+derm-(skin)
Cf.Mesoderm;endoderm
root+suffix
stasis
sta-(tostand)+-sis(aconditionof),
slowingoffluidmovement,suchasthebloodcirculation
root+combiningvowel+suffix
sclerosis
scler-(toharden)+-sis(aconditionof),
hardeningorstiffeningofatissue
prefix+root+suffix
perirenal:
peri-(around)+ren-(kidney)+-al(pertainingto)
locatedaroundthekidney
prefix+root+combiningvowel+suffix
synarthrosis
syn-(together)+arthr-(joint)+-sis(aconditionof)
immobilizationofajointbyfusion不动关节
prefix+prefix+root+combiningvowel+suffix
contraindication
contra-(against)+in-(toward)+dic(t)-(tospeak)+-tion(theactionorprocessinvolved)
aconditionthatprecludesusingadrug
root+root+suffix
sialadenitis
sial-(saliva)+aden-(gland)+-itis(aninflammatorycondition)
inflammationofasalivarygland
root+combiningvowel+root+suffix
hemophilia
hemo-(blood)+phil-(beloved,loving)+-ia(pathologicalorabnormalcondition)
anyofseveralhereditaryblood-coagulationdisorders
prefix+root+root+suffix
hyperglycemia
hyper-(excessive)+glyc-(sweet)+(h)em-(blood)-ia(condition)
thepresenceofanabnormallyhighconcentrationofglucoseintheblood.
Composition
joiningtwoormorewords
compoundword
opencompound:
madeupoftwoormorewordswrittenseparately
×sleepingsickness
×braindeath
×familyplanning
×birthcontrol
Differencesbetweenanopencompoundandanounphrase:
Semantic
aredcoatareddercoat
Phonetic
a‵greenroomagreen‵room
e.g.scarletfever
Ahyphenatedcompound
consistsoftwoormorewordsconnectedbyahyphen
high-resolution
1.host-specific寄主专化的,寄主专一性的
2.deaf-mute
3.air-borne
×bottle-feed
×graft-versus-host移植物抗宿主
Asolidcompound
consistsoftwowordswrittenasoneword
1.windpipe
2.sleepwalk
3.overweight
4.nosebleed
Neo-classiccompound
coinedfromelementsoftheclassicallanguages(LatinandGreek)
1.Biocide生物杀灭剂
2.Lysosome溶酶体
3.Bacteriophobia
4.Biophysics
5.Chemotherapy
6.Psych(o)analysis
conversion
email
“CanIhaveyoure-mailaddressincaseIneedtoe-mailyou.
stent
Englishdentist,CharlesR.Stent(1845-1901)
1.adeviceusedtosupportabodilyorificeorcavityduringskingraftingortoimmobilizeaskingraftfollowingplacement
2.aslenderthread,rod,orcatheterinsertedintoatubularstructure,suchasabloodvessel,toprovidesupportduringorafteranastomosis(吻合术).
“AnewgammaradiationtreatmentintendedtopreventstentedarteriesfromrenarrowingwasapprovedbytheFDAlastyearforwidespreaduse.”
love(v.>n.)
taste(v.>n.)
smell(v.>n.)
skin(n.>v.)
plaster(n.>v.)石膏,膏药
mask(n.>v.)
faint(adj.>v.)
empty(adj.>v.)
blending
aschortle哈哈大笑
fromsnort(呼哧声)pluschuckle(咯咯叫)—the-ort-ofthefirstbeingsurroundedbythech-...-leofthesecond
brunch,frombreakfastpluslunch
formedbyblendingpartsoftwowords(ormore)
threemajorpatternsaredefined
×part+part
×whole+part
×part+whole
part+part
genome(gene+chromosome)
autocide(automobile+suicide)
chunnel(channel+tunnel)
Cremains骨灰(cremate+remains)
whole+part
breathalyzer(breath+analyzer)
lunarnaut(lunar+astronaut)
part+whole
Medicaid(medical+aid)
medicare(medical+care)
medichair(medical+chair)
paramedic(parachute+medic)
backformation
theoriginalnameforatypeoffruitwascherise,butsomethoughtthatwordsoundedplural,sotheybegantousewhattheybelievedtobeasingularform,cherry,andanewwordwasborn.Thecreationoftheverbenthusefromthenounenthusiasmisalsoanexampleofaback-formation
verbsaremadefromexistingnounsbydeletingseemingorimaginedaffix
1.chain-smokefromchain-smoker
2.eavesdropfromeavesdropping
3.babysitfrombabysitter
4.automatefromautomation
5.donatefromdonation
Otherbackformedmedicalterms
1.diagnosefromdiagnosis
2.ovulatefromovulation
3.palpitatefrompalpitation
4.injurefrominjury
5.contraceptfromcontraception
6.transcriptfromtranscription
7.psychoanalyzefrompsychoanalysis.
exceptionsthatinvolveotherpartofspeecharenotrare
1.paramedicfromparamedical,
2.pathogenfrompathogenic
3.gloomfromgloomy
4.carcinogen(1936)fromcarcinogenic(1926)
clipping
shortening
awordisshortenbyclippingoffpartofthewordwithoutchangeinitsmeaningandwordclass
1.fluofinfluenza
2.polioofpoliomyelitis小儿麻痹症
3.psychofpsychology
4.quackofquacksalver庸医
5.Doc
6.Lab
7.Fig.
8.Vet
9.Veg
10.Pro
11.Hypo
acronym
Anacronym:
awordcoinedfromtheinitiallettersofagroupwordsinatitleorphrase
1.CT(computerizedtomography)
2.RBC(redbloodcell)
3.C.C(chiefcomplain)
4.BMR(basalmetabolicrate)
5.B.P(bloodpressure)
6.G.P(generalpractitioner)
7.N.P(nursepractitioner)
Someacronyms:
mostlycomposedoftheinitialletterofthewordplusthefirstletterofothercomponents
TB(tuberculosis)
OD(overdose)
IV(intravenous)
NP(neuropsychiatry)神经精神医学
thosenotformedfrommodernEnglishbutfromLatinorGreek
1.b.i.d(bisindie=twiceaday)
2.b.i.n(bisinnocte=twiceanight)
3.t.i.d(terindie=threetimeaday)
4.a.c(antecibum=beforemeal)
5.p.c.(postcibum=aftermeal)
6.O.D.(oculusdexter=righteye)
7.O.S.(oculussinister=lefteye)
8.p.r.n.(prorenata=asneeded)
9.q.h(quaquehora=everyhour)
Acronyms?
Initials?
AIDS=AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome
LASER=lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation
MRImagneticresonanceimaging
Formingnewwordsbyanalogy
aprocesswherebyanewwordiscoinedbyanalogybetweenthenewlycreatedoneandanexistingcorrespondingone
1.myalgia2.proteomics3.retrogress