整理医学词汇复习提纲47.docx

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整理医学词汇复习提纲47.docx

整理医学词汇复习提纲47

(5)建设项目对环境影响的经济损益分析。

(三)环境影响评价的原则

规划环境影响的跟踪评价应当包括下列内容:

2.环境影响评价工作等级的划分依据

另外,环境影响评价三个层次的意义,环境影响评价的资质管理、分类管理,建设项目环境影响评价的内容,规划环境影响评价文件的内容,环境价值的衡量还可能是将来考试的重点。

4.广泛参与原则。

2.环境影响评价技术导则

3.政府部门规章

一、环境影响评价的发展与管理体系、相关法律法规体系和技术导则的应用

3)应用污染物排放标准时,依据项目所属行业、环境功能区、排放的污染物种类和环境影响评价文件的批准时间确定采用何种标准。

综合性排放标准与行业性排放标准不交叉执行,即:

有行业排放标准的执行行业排放标准,没有行业排放标准的执行综合排放标准。

医学词汇复习提纲(Chapter4-7)

ChapterFourWordformationofMedicalTerms

Seventypesofwordformation

1.affixation

2.composition

3.conversion

4.blending

5.backformation

6.clipping

7.acronym

Affixation

semanticallyoriented

addnewmeaningwithoutchangingthepartofspeech

1.autograft自体(身)移植物

auto-self

2.graft:

Material,especiallylivingtissueoranorgan,surgicallyattachedtoorinsertedintoabodilyparttoreplaceadamagedpartorcompensateforadefect

3.Isograft同系移植物,同基因移植物(identicaltwins

iso-equal;uniform

isoantibody

isoantigen

isoconcentration

isotonic

4.allograft(同种)异体移植物,异基因移植=homograft

allo-Other;different

allogenous异源的,异生的

allosome异染色体,异形染色体

5.xenograft异种移植物=heterograft

xeno-strange;foreign;different

xenophobia

xenophthalmia异物性眼炎

6.Intracranial

intra-within

7.antiallergenic

anti-against、allergenic引起过敏的

antineoplastic//neoplastic,瘤形成的

8.Restenosis

re-again,back

Stenosis:

Aconstrictionornarrowingofaductorpassage;astricture

9.asymptomatic

a-without

symptomatic:

pertainingtosymptom

10.Nondiabetic//non-not

1.hyperlipidemia

hyper-morethannormalornecessary

lipid-lipid,fat

(h)em-blood

-iaabnormalcondition

2.heterogeneous

hetero-other;different

geneous:

ofkindortype

suffixation

basicallyclass-changing

changethepartofspeech

×immune

immunity

immunize

immunization

×eradication

specificity

sensitivity

suckling(suck+-ling:

Onethatisyoung,small,orinferior)=Ayoungmammalthathasnotbeenweaned

Patternsofaffixation

prefix+root

inject

in-(into)+jec(t)-(tothrow)

putmaterialintoaparticularlocation,oftenusingasyringe

prefix+combiningvowel+root

Ectodermtheouterlaveroftheembryo

ect-(outside)+derm-(skin)

Cf.Mesoderm;endoderm

root+suffix

stasis

sta-(tostand)+-sis(aconditionof),

slowingoffluidmovement,suchasthebloodcirculation

root+combiningvowel+suffix

sclerosis

scler-(toharden)+-sis(aconditionof),

hardeningorstiffeningofatissue

prefix+root+suffix

perirenal:

peri-(around)+ren-(kidney)+-al(pertainingto)

locatedaroundthekidney

prefix+root+combiningvowel+suffix

synarthrosis

syn-(together)+arthr-(joint)+-sis(aconditionof)

immobilizationofajointbyfusion不动关节

prefix+prefix+root+combiningvowel+suffix

contraindication

contra-(against)+in-(toward)+dic(t)-(tospeak)+-tion(theactionorprocessinvolved)

aconditionthatprecludesusingadrug

root+root+suffix

sialadenitis

sial-(saliva)+aden-(gland)+-itis(aninflammatorycondition)

inflammationofasalivarygland

root+combiningvowel+root+suffix

hemophilia

hemo-(blood)+phil-(beloved,loving)+-ia(pathologicalorabnormalcondition)

anyofseveralhereditaryblood-coagulationdisorders

prefix+root+root+suffix

hyperglycemia

hyper-(excessive)+glyc-(sweet)+(h)em-(blood)-ia(condition)

thepresenceofanabnormallyhighconcentrationofglucoseintheblood.

Composition

joiningtwoormorewords

compoundword

opencompound:

madeupoftwoormorewordswrittenseparately

×sleepingsickness

×braindeath

×familyplanning

×birthcontrol

Differencesbetweenanopencompoundandanounphrase:

Semantic

aredcoatareddercoat

Phonetic

a‵greenroomagreen‵room

e.g.scarletfever

Ahyphenatedcompound

consistsoftwoormorewordsconnectedbyahyphen

high-resolution

1.host-specific寄主专化的,寄主专一性的

2.deaf-mute

3.air-borne

×bottle-feed

×graft-versus-host移植物抗宿主

Asolidcompound

consistsoftwowordswrittenasoneword

1.windpipe

2.sleepwalk

3.overweight

4.nosebleed

Neo-classiccompound

coinedfromelementsoftheclassicallanguages(LatinandGreek)

1.Biocide生物杀灭剂

2.Lysosome溶酶体

3.Bacteriophobia

4.Biophysics

5.Chemotherapy

6.Psych(o)analysis

conversion

email

“CanIhaveyoure-mailaddressincaseIneedtoe-mailyou.

stent

Englishdentist,CharlesR.Stent(1845-1901)

1.adeviceusedtosupportabodilyorificeorcavityduringskingraftingortoimmobilizeaskingraftfollowingplacement

2.aslenderthread,rod,orcatheterinsertedintoatubularstructure,suchasabloodvessel,toprovidesupportduringorafteranastomosis(吻合术).

“AnewgammaradiationtreatmentintendedtopreventstentedarteriesfromrenarrowingwasapprovedbytheFDAlastyearforwidespreaduse.”

love(v.>n.)

taste(v.>n.)

smell(v.>n.)

skin(n.>v.)

plaster(n.>v.)石膏,膏药

mask(n.>v.)

faint(adj.>v.)

empty(adj.>v.)

blending

aschortle哈哈大笑

fromsnort(呼哧声)pluschuckle(咯咯叫)—the-ort-ofthefirstbeingsurroundedbythech-...-leofthesecond

brunch,frombreakfastpluslunch

formedbyblendingpartsoftwowords(ormore)

threemajorpatternsaredefined

×part+part

×whole+part

×part+whole

part+part

genome(gene+chromosome)

autocide(automobile+suicide)

chunnel(channel+tunnel)

Cremains骨灰(cremate+remains)

whole+part

breathalyzer(breath+analyzer)

lunarnaut(lunar+astronaut)

part+whole

Medicaid(medical+aid)

medicare(medical+care)

medichair(medical+chair)

paramedic(parachute+medic)

backformation

theoriginalnameforatypeoffruitwascherise,butsomethoughtthatwordsoundedplural,sotheybegantousewhattheybelievedtobeasingularform,cherry,andanewwordwasborn.Thecreationoftheverbenthusefromthenounenthusiasmisalsoanexampleofaback-formation

verbsaremadefromexistingnounsbydeletingseemingorimaginedaffix

1.chain-smokefromchain-smoker

2.eavesdropfromeavesdropping

3.babysitfrombabysitter

4.automatefromautomation

5.donatefromdonation

Otherbackformedmedicalterms

1.diagnosefromdiagnosis

2.ovulatefromovulation

3.palpitatefrompalpitation

4.injurefrominjury

5.contraceptfromcontraception

6.transcriptfromtranscription

7.psychoanalyzefrompsychoanalysis.

exceptionsthatinvolveotherpartofspeecharenotrare

1.paramedicfromparamedical,

2.pathogenfrompathogenic

3.gloomfromgloomy

4.carcinogen(1936)fromcarcinogenic(1926)

clipping

shortening

awordisshortenbyclippingoffpartofthewordwithoutchangeinitsmeaningandwordclass

1.fluofinfluenza

2.polioofpoliomyelitis小儿麻痹症

3.psychofpsychology

4.quackofquacksalver庸医

5.Doc

6.Lab

7.Fig.

8.Vet

9.Veg

10.Pro

11.Hypo

acronym

Anacronym:

awordcoinedfromtheinitiallettersofagroupwordsinatitleorphrase

1.CT(computerizedtomography)

2.RBC(redbloodcell)

3.C.C(chiefcomplain)

4.BMR(basalmetabolicrate)

5.B.P(bloodpressure)

6.G.P(generalpractitioner)

7.N.P(nursepractitioner)

Someacronyms:

mostlycomposedoftheinitialletterofthewordplusthefirstletterofothercomponents

TB(tuberculosis)

OD(overdose)

IV(intravenous)

NP(neuropsychiatry)神经精神医学

thosenotformedfrommodernEnglishbutfromLatinorGreek

1.b.i.d(bisindie=twiceaday)

2.b.i.n(bisinnocte=twiceanight)

3.t.i.d(terindie=threetimeaday)

4.a.c(antecibum=beforemeal)

5.p.c.(postcibum=aftermeal)

6.O.D.(oculusdexter=righteye)

7.O.S.(oculussinister=lefteye)

8.p.r.n.(prorenata=asneeded)

9.q.h(quaquehora=everyhour)

Acronyms?

Initials?

AIDS=AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome

LASER=lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation

MRImagneticresonanceimaging

Formingnewwordsbyanalogy

aprocesswherebyanewwordiscoinedbyanalogybetweenthenewlycreatedoneandanexistingcorrespondingone

1.myalgia

2.proteomics

3.retrogress

4.pandemic

ChapterFiveRootsandCombiningForms

Specialty&Specialist

1.operation

surgerysurgeon

2.anesthetictechnology

anesthesiology

anaesthesiology

anesthesiologist(Aphysicianwhospecializesinanesthesiology)麻醉学家

anesthetist

Apersonwhoisspeciallytrainedtoadministeranesthetics麻醉师

3.blood

hematologyhematologist

1.bone

osteopathy疗骨术,整骨术;骨病

osteopathist

osteology骨学

2.osteologist骨(骼)学家

3.orthopedist矫形外科医师

oste/o-(Gr.osteon)bone

1.osteoblast造骨细胞

2.osteoclast破骨细胞

3.periosteum(pl.periosteums,-tea[-tiE])骨膜

4.osteopathy疗骨术,整骨术;骨病

arthr/o-(Gr.arthron)joint(关节)

1.arthroplasty关节造形术,关节形成术

2.arthritis关节炎

3.arthrosis关节,关节病

4.arthralgia关节痛

brain

cerebrologycerebrologist

cerebr/o-(L.)cerebrum,brain

1.cerebrosclerosis脑硬化

2.cerebrospinal脑脊髓的

3.cerebrovascular脑血管的

4.WhatisCVA?

1.[=cardiovascularaccident]心血管意外

[=cerebrovascularaccident]脑血管意外

2.crani/o-(L.cranium;Gr.kranion)skull

3.craniectom部分颅骨切除术

4.craniotomy颅骨切开术,穿颅术,破颅术

5.pericranium颅骨膜

causeororiginofdisease

etiology(aetiology)病因学etiologist

ear/nose/throat

otorhinolaryngology

otorhinolaryngologist

ENT[=ear(s),nose,andthroat]Physician

ot-(Gr.ōtos)ear

1.otosclerosis耳硬化症

2.otoscope耳镜

3.otorrhea耳漏(耳液溢)

4.otology耳科学

5.otolaryngology耳鼻喉科学

rhin/o-(Gr.rhís,rhinós)nose

rhinitis鼻(粘膜)炎

rhinorrhea(=rhinorrhoea)鼻液溢

rhinology鼻科学

otorhinolaryngology耳鼻喉科学

laryng/o-(L.nāsus)larynx,voicebox

laryngitis喉炎

eye

ophthalmology

ophthalmologistoro

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