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英语练习1
Aone-pillanswertotreatingHIV
ThefirsttreatmentforHIVintheformofonepilltakenonceadayisgoingtomarketintheUniteStates.AspokesmanforthedrugcompanyBriston-MyersSquibbsaidanewproduct,calledAtripla,hadalreadybeenshippedtosuppliers.
Atriplaistheresultofsomeunusualcoporationamongdrugcompanies.ThegovementapprovedthetreatmentonJulytwelfth.FoodanddrugadministrationofficialshaduntilOctobertomakeadecision.Buttheyactedquickly.
Doctorbelieveaone-pill-a-dayplanwillbemoresuccessfulthancurrenttreatmentswhichcaninvolveseveralpillsaday.Patientsarelesslikelytomisstreatments,missedtreatmentscanhlepthevirusgainresistancetodrug.
AtriplacombinesthreemedicineswidelyusetotreatthemostcommonformofHIV,theVirusthatcausesAIDS.OneofthethreeisSustiva,madebyBriston-Myers.TheothertwoareVireadandEmtriva,bothfromGileadScience.
Thenewtabletsareapprovedforusealoneorwithotherantiretroviralproductstotreatadults.
Earlierthisyear,theNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepulishedastudyofAtripla.Gileadpaidforthestudy.ResearcherscomparedtheeffectivenessofAtriplatothewidelyusedcombinationofSustivaandCombivir,fromGlaxoSmithKline.
TheyreportedthatAtriplasuppressedviruslevelsinmorepatientsandwithfewersideeffects.Aone-monthsupplyintheUniteStateswillcostmorethanonethousanddollars,thesamepriceasfortheseparatedrugsitcontains.
GileadandBriston-MyerswilljointlymarketAtripla.AIDSactivistspraisedthecooperationbetweendrugmakersashistoric.Theyalsocalledonthemtoprovidethetreatmenttodevelopingnations.
TheBriston-MyersspokesmansayshiscompanyandGileadwanttodothat.TheyarecurrentlynegotiatingwithMerck.ThatcompanyhasrightstomarkettheactivesubstanceinSustivainanumberofcountriesoutsidetheUniteStates.
ThespokesmansaysthenewproductcouldbeofferedasearlyasSeptemberthroughthePresident'sEmergencyPlanforAIDSRelief.Theplanprovidedrugstofifteenpoorcountries,mostlyinAfrica.theFoodandDrugAdministrationrecentlyapprovedatwo-pill-a-dayHIVtreatmentforuseundertheemergencyplan.
2Cancerdrugssavechildren
Doctorssayveryfewchildrensurvivedcancerbeforethenineteenseventies.Improvedtreatmentsnowofferhopeoflong-termsurvivalforalmosteightypercentofyoungcancerpatients.Yetthechemotherapydrugsandradiationusedtostoptheircancerscanleadtootherproblemslater.
Anewlyreportedstudylookedatmorethantenthousandadultswhosurvivedchildhoodcancers.Theyweretreatedbetweennineteenseventyandninetyeighty-six.Theiraverageageatthetimeofthestudywastwenty-six.
Thestudycomparedtheirmedicalhistorieswiththoseofthreethousandoftheirbrothersandsisters.
Theresearchersfoundthatsixty-twopercentofthecancersurvivorshadatleastonelong-termhealthproblem.Thesamewastrueofonlythirty-sevenpercentofthebrothersandsisters.
Thecancersurvivorswereeighttimesaslikelyastheirsiblingstohavesevereorlife-threateningconditionsasadults.Andmanyofthesurvivorshadthreeormoreconditions.
Thecancersurvivorswereathigherriskofproblemslikeheartdiseaseandearlyboneloss.Chemotherapycandamagebonegrowthduringanimportantperiodofdevelopment.Andradiationforsomecancerscanincreasetheriskofothercancerslater.
Survivorsofbonecancers,cancersofthecentralnervoussystemandHodgkin'sdiseasewereathighestriskforhealthproblemsasadults.Thestudyalsofoundthatgirlswhosurvivedcancerweremorelikelythanboystohaveproblemslater.
Doctorssaynewercancertreatmentsarealittlesaferbutnotmuch.Still,thegoodnewsisthatmanyoftheconditionslinkedtocancertreatmentscanbefoundwhentheyarestilltreatable.
KevinOeffingeroftheMemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCenterinNewYorkwasleadauthorofthestudy.Hesaysdoctorsshouldwatchcloselyforproblemsaschildhoodcancersurvivorsgetolder.Hesaysdoctorsshouldalsobesuretoprovideinformationaboutproblemsthatachildcancerpatientmightexpectinthefuture.Andhesaysitisespeciallyimportantforsurvivorstoeatright,exerciseandnotsmoke.
ThereportisfromtheChildhoodCancerSurvivorStudy.ThefindingsappearedintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.
Andthat'stheVOASpecialEnglishHealthReport.
3Chestcompressionsmaybemostimportant
Chestcompressionsmaybemostimportant
Cardiopulmonaryresuscitation,orCPR,cansavethelifeofsomeonewhosehearthasstopped.Theconditioniscalledcardiacarrest.Theheartstopspumpingblood.Thepersonstopsbreathing.Withoutlifesavingmeasures,thebrainstartstodiewithinfourtosixminutes.
CPRcombinesbreathingintothevictim'smouthandrepeatedpressesonthechest.CPRkeepsbloodandoxygenflowingtotheheartandbrain.
However,aJapanesestudyquestionstheusefulnessofmouth-to-mouthbreathing.ThestudywaspublishedintheBritishmedicalmagazine,TheLancet.DoctorsinTokyoexaminedmorethanfourthousandpeoplewhohadsufferedcardiacarrest.Inallthecases,witnessessawtheeventhappen.
Morethanonethousandofthevictimsreceivedsomekindofmedicalassistancefromwitnesses.SevenhundredandtwelvereceivedCPR.Fourhundredandthirty-ninereceivedchestpressesonly.Nomouth-to-mouthrescuebreathsweregiventothem.
TheresearcherssayanykindofCPRimprovedchancesofthepatient'ssurvival.But,theysaidthosepersonstreatedwithonlychestpressessufferedlessbraindamage.Twenty-twopercentsurvivedwithgoodbrainability.OnlytenpercentofthevictimstreatedwithtraditionalCPRsurvivedwithgoodbrainability.
TheAmericanHeartAssociationchangeditsguidanceforCPRchestpressesintwothousandfive.Thegroupsaidpeopleshouldincreasethenumberofchestpressesfromfifteentothirtyforeverytwobreathsgiven.GordonEwyisaheartdoctorattheUniversityofArizonaCollegeofMedicineinTucson.Hewroteareportthatwaspublishedwiththestudy.
DoctorEwythinkstheCPRguidelinesshouldbechangedagain.HesaidtheHeartAssociationshouldremoverescuebreathsfromtheguidelines.HearguesthatmorewitnessestocardiacarrestswouldprovidetreatmentifrescuebreathsarenotapartofCPR.Hesaysthiswouldsavelives.Studiesshowthatmanypeopledonotwanttoperformmouth-to-mouthbreathingonastrangerforfearofgettingadisease.
CardiacarrestkillsmorethanthreehundredthousandpeopleintheUnitedStateseveryyear.TheAmericanHeartAssociationsaysaboutninety-fivepercentofvictimsdiebeforetheygettoamedicalcenter.
4Concussionsareseriousheadinjuries
Concussionsareseriousheadinjuries
Doctorssaytheheadinjurycalledaconcussionismoreseriousforchildrenandyoungadultsthanpeoplemightthink.Theysayconcussionsalsomaytakelongertohealamongyoungpeople.
Aconcussionisaninjurythathappenswhenthebrainisshakeninsidetheskull.Itcanresultfromahittothehead,asuddenstopinmovementorviolentshaking.Fallingoffabicycle,gettinghitwhileplayingasport,orbeinginvolvedinacaraccidentareafewofthecommoncausesofconcussion.
Peoplewhohaveconcussionsoftenhavetroublethinkingorremembering.Concussionscanalsomakeapersonfeelverytiredorangry.Othersignsofconcussionarestomachandheadpain,muscleweaknessandalossinsharpnessofvision.
TheNationalInstitutesofHealthsaysthereareaboutonemillioncasesofconcussionseachyearintheUnitedStates.Hundredsofthousandsofthemaffectchildrenoryoungadultsinvolvedinsports.Someconcussionsaremoreseverethanothers.Butdoctorssayallofthemshouldbetakenseriously.Doctorssaychildrenarenotnecessarilydependablewhenreportingabouttheirphysicalconditionafterasportsinjury.Manywanttogetbackinthegame,onthebike,ortotheplaygroundtoosoonafteraheadinjury.
TheNationalCentersforDiseaseControlinAtlanta,Georgia,hasaprogramtohelphighschoolsportsofficialsdealwiththeproblem.TheCDCprovidesavideoaboutahighschoolfootballplayerwhowaspermanentlydisabledbyasecondconcussion.TheCDCalsoprovidesaguideforrecognizingsignsofconcussionandmeasurestohelppreventthem.
MichaelCollinsisabrainresearcherattheUniversityofPittsburghMedicalCenterinPennsylvania.Thecenterisamajorresearcherontheeffectsandtreatmentsofconcussion.Hewasoneofseveralresearcherswhohelpeddevelopacomputersoftwareprogramthattestsforconcussionanditslevelofseverity.
MisterCollinssaysconcussionresearchinthelastfiveyearshasprovidedahugeamountofnewinformation.Hesaysyoungathletescanfullyrecoverfromconcussionandcontinuesportsactivities.Buthesaystheymustbesuretogivethebraintimetohealbeforetheheadtakesanotherhit.
5Explainingtheplaceboeffect
Studiesofnewdrugstraditionallyinvolveatleasttwogroupsofpeople.Thepeopleinoneofthosegroupsaregivenonlywhattheythinkisthedrug.Reallytheygetaplacebo--aninactivesubstance.Thedrugisproveneffectiveifitperformsbetterthantheplacebo.
Someresearchersdonotthinkdrugstudiesshoulduseplacebos.Theysayitmakesmoresensetocomparenewmedicinestodrugsalreadyonthemarket.Thenpeoplewouldknowifanewdrugisanybetter.
"Placebo"isLatinfor"Ishallplease."Itmaycontainnothingmorethansugar.
Yetsomepeoplewhoaregivenaplaceboexperienceimprovementsintheirhealth.Thisiscalledtheplaceboeffect.
Somedoctorsusetheplace