英语练习1.docx

1、英语练习1A one-pill answer to treating HIVThe first treatment for HIV in the form of one pill taken once a day is going to market in the Unite States.A spokesman for the drug company Briston-Myers Squibb said a new product,called Atripla,had already been shipped to suppliers.Atripla is the result of som

2、e unusual coporation among drug companies.The govement approved the treatment on July twelfth.Food and drug administration officials had until October to make a decision.But they acted quickly.Doctor believe a one-pill-a-day plan will be more successful than current treatments which can involve seve

3、ral pills a day.Patients are less likely to miss treatments,missed treatments can hlep the virus gain resistance to drug.Atripla combines three medicines widely use to treat the most common form of HIV,the Virus that causes AIDS.One of the three is Sustiva,made by Briston-Myers.The other two are Vir

4、ead and Emtriva,both from Gilead Science.The new tablets are approved for use alone or with other antiretroviral products to treat adults.Earlier this year,the New England Journal of Medicine pulished a study of Atripla.Gilead paid for the study.Researchers compared the effectiveness of Atripla to t

5、he widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir,from GlaxoSmithKline.They reported that Atripla suppressed virus levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.A one-month supply in the Unite States will cost more than one thousand dollars,the same price as for the separate drugs it contains

6、.Gilead and Briston-Myers will jointly market Atripla.AIDS activists praised the cooperation between drug makers as historic.They also called on them to provide the treatment to developing nations.The Briston-Myers spokesman says his company and Gilead want to do that.They are currently negotiating

7、with Merck.That company has rights to market the active substance in Sustiva in a number of countries outside the Unite States.The spokesman says the new product could be offered as early as September through the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief.The plan provide drugs to fifteen poor countr

8、ies,mostly in Africa.the Food and Drug Administration recently approved a two-pill-a-day HIV treatment for use under the emergency plan. 2 Cancer drugs save childrenDoctors say very few children survived cancer before the nineteen seventies. Improved treatments now offer hope of long-term survival f

9、or almost eighty percent of young cancer patients. Yet the chemotherapy drugs and radiation used to stop their cancers can lead to other problems later.A newly reported study looked at more than ten thousand adults who survived childhood cancers. They were treated between nineteen seventy and ninety

10、 eighty-six. Their average age at the time of the study was twenty-six.The study compared their medical histories with those of three thousand of their brothers and sisters.The researchers found that sixty-two percent of the cancer survivors had at least one long-term health problem. The same was tr

11、ue of only thirty-seven percent of the brothers and sisters.The cancer survivors were eight times as likely as their siblings to have severe or life-threatening conditions as adults. And many of the survivors had three or more conditions.The cancer survivors were at higher risk of problems like hear

12、t disease and early bone loss. Chemotherapy can damage bone growth during an important period of development. And radiation for some cancers can increase the risk of other cancers later.Survivors of bone cancers, cancers of the central nervous system and Hodgkins disease were at highest risk for hea

13、lth problems as adults. The study also found that girls who survived cancer were more likely than boys to have problems later.Doctors say newer cancer treatments are a little safer but not much. Still, the good news is that many of the conditions linked to cancer treatments can be found when they ar

14、e still treatable.Kevin Oeffinger of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York was lead author of the study. He says doctors should watch closely for problems as childhood cancer survivors get older. He says doctors should also be sure to provide information about problems that a child

15、cancer patient might expect in the future. And he says it is especially important for survivors to eat right, exercise and not smoke.The report is from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. The findings appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine.And thats the VOA Special English Health Report. 3

16、 Chest compressions may be most importantChest compressions may be most importantCardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, can save the life of someone whose heart has stopped. The condition is called cardiac arrest. The heart stops pumping blood. The person stops breathing. Without lifesaving measures

17、, the brain starts to die within four to six minutes.CPR combines breathing into the victims mouth and repeated presses on the chest. CPR keeps blood and oxygen flowing to the heart and brain.However, a Japanese study questions the usefulness of mouth-to-mouth breathing. The study was published in t

18、he British medical magazine, The Lancet. Doctors in Tokyo examined more than four thousand people who had suffered cardiac arrest. In all the cases, witnesses saw the event happen.More than one thousand of the victims received some kind of medical assistance from witnesses. Seven hundred and twelve

19、received CPR. Four hundred and thirty-nine received chest presses only. No mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths were given to them.The researchers say any kind of CPR improved chances of the patients survival. But, they said those persons treated with only chest presses suffered less brain damage. Twenty-t

20、wo percent survived with good brain ability. Only ten percent of the victims treated with traditional CPR survived with good brain ability.The American Heart Association changed its guidance for CPR chest presses in two thousand five. The group said people should increase the number of chest presses

21、 from fifteen to thirty for every two breaths given. Gordon Ewy is a heart doctor at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson. He wrote a report that was published with the study.Doctor Ewy thinks the CPR guidelines should be changed again. He said the Heart Association should remove

22、rescue breaths from the guidelines. He argues that more witnesses to cardiac arrests would provide treatment if rescue breaths are not a part of CPR. He says this would save lives. Studies show that many people do not want to perform mouth-to-mouth breathing on a stranger for fear of getting a disea

23、se.Cardiac arrest kills more than three hundred thousand people in the United States every year. The American Heart Association says about ninety-five percent of victims die before they get to a medical center. 4 Concussions are serious head injuriesConcussions are serious head injuriesDoctors say t

24、he head injury called a concussion is more serious for children and young adults than people might think. They say concussions also may take longer to heal among young people.A concussion is an injury that happens when the brain is shaken inside the skull. It can result from a hit to the head, a sud

25、den stop in movement or violent shaking. Falling off a bicycle, getting hit while playing a sport, or being involved in a car accident are a few of the common causes of concussion.People who have concussions often have trouble thinking or remembering. Concussions can also make a person feel very tir

26、ed or angry. Other signs of concussion are stomach and head pain, muscle weakness and a loss in sharpness of vision.The National Institutes of Health says there are about one million cases of concussions each year in the United States. Hundreds of thousands of them affect children or young adults in

27、volved in sports. Some concussions are more severe than others. But doctors say all of them should be taken seriously. Doctors say children are not necessarily dependable when reporting about their physical condition after a sports injury. Many want to get back in the game, on the bike, or to the pl

28、ayground too soon after a head injury.The National Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, has a program to help high school sports officials deal with the problem. The CDC provides a video about a high school football player who was permanently disabled by a second concussion. The CDC also

29、 provides a guide for recognizing signs of concussion and measures to help prevent them.Michael Collins is a brain researcher at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in Pennsylvania. The center is a major researcher on the effects and treatments of concussion. He was one of several researcher

30、s who helped develop a computer software program that tests for concussion and its level of severity.Mister Collins says concussion research in the last five years has provided a huge amount of new information. He says young athletes can fully recover from concussion and continue sports activities.

31、But he says they must be sure to give the brain time to heal before the head takes another hit. 5 Explaining the placebo effectStudies of new drugs traditionally involve at least two groups of people. The people in one of those groups are given only what they think is the drug. Really they get a pla

32、cebo - an inactive substance. The drug is proven effective if it performs better than the placebo.Some researchers do not think drug studies should use placebos. They say it makes more sense to compare new medicines to drugs already on the market. Then people would know if a new drug is any better.Placebo is Latin for I shall please. It may contain nothing more than sugar.Yet some people who are given a placebo experience improvements in their health. This is called the placebo effect.Some doctors use the place