中英文报刊钓鱼岛新闻的批评性语篇分析.docx

中英文报刊钓鱼岛新闻的批评性语篇分析.docx

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中英文报刊钓鱼岛新闻的批评性语篇分析

ACriticalDiscourseAnalysisof

ChineseandAmericanNews

aboutDiaoyuIslandsin2012

学生姓名　崔灿

　　　　　学号　　　12835014

　　专业　　外国语言学及应用语言学

Abstract

Criticaldiscourseanalysis（henceforthCDA）isacontemporaryapproachtothestudyoflanguageanddiscourseinsocialinstitutions.CDAisaformofdiscourse-orienteddiscourseanalysismethod,intheorybasedonHalliday'sSystemicFunctionalGrammar（SFG）.Itseekstorevealtheunderlyingideologiesandpowerrelationhiddenindiscourseandexaminetheconstructiveeffectofdiscourseuponsocialstatus,socialrelationsandsystemsofbeliefsandvalues.

ThisarticlemainlyusesXinBin’sresearchway,suchasclassification,nominalization,passivization,modality,speechreportingandintertextualityasthetoolforanalysis.

Throughthecomparativeanalysis,itisfoundthatnewsdiscourseisneverneutral,transparentandobjective,butideology-loadedandaffectedbysocialandculturalstructures.

Itishopedthatthisstudywillcontributetoabetterunderstandingofcriticalanalysisofnewsdiscourse,givesomeinspirationtoforeignlanguageteachingandfostermoreinterestinmediastudies.

Keywords:

criticaldiscourseanalysis;newsdiscourse;ideology;comparativestudy

Introduction

Itiswidelyacknowledgedthatnewsmediaplayaverysignificantroleinourdailylife,notonlyassourcesofinformation,entertainmentandpleasure,butalsoasshaperofperception,behaviorsandinstitutions.Mostofoursocialandpoliticalknowledgeandbeliefsabouttheworldarederivedfromdozensofnewsreportswereadeveryday.Newsmediaexertgreatinfluenceonthelifeofpeopleinsociety.Beinganimportantchannelofinformationtransmission,newsisusuallypresentedastheunbiasedrecordingof"hardfact".However,eventheapparentlyunbiasednewslanguagedoesnotobjectivelyrepresentfacts,butisrelatedtothevalues,beliefs,andpracticeofitssocialcontextinvariousways.Thepresentstudyaimsatexploringsuchmediadiscoursetorevealtheunderpinningideologicalmeaning.Throughthecriticaldiscourseanalysiswecanfindtherealmeaningsbetweenlinesfromthelanguageperspective.DiscourseAnalysishasnowbecomeaverydiverseareaofstudywithavarietyofapproachesineachofanumberofdisciplines.Inthispaper,IfindthenewsabouttheDiaoyuIslandsfromtheChinaDailyandTheTimesin2012andtoanalyzetheunderpinningideologicalmeaninginthesetwonewspaperstorevealthatbiasunderthesuperficialandhelpfosterpeople'scriticalawarenessofnewsreports.Theauthorwillanalyzethismatterinthreeaspects,modality,transformation,andlexicalclassification.

Chapter1LiteratureReview

DiscourseAnalysishasnowbecomeaverydiverseareaofstudywithavarietyofapproachesineachofanumberofdisciplines.Theseapproachescanberoughlydividedintotwogroupsaccordingtothenatureoftheirsocialorientationtodiscourse:

the"non-critical"onesand"critical"ones.Criticalapproachesdifferfromnon-criticalapproachesinnotonlydescribingdiscursivepractices,butalsoshowinghowrelationsofpowerandideologiesshapediscourse,andtheconstructiveeffectsdiscourseshaveuponsocialidentities,systemsofknowledgeandbeliefs.

1.1TheResearchBackgroundofCriticalDiscourseAnalysis

Inthepasttwodecades,CriticalDiscourseAnalysishasdevelopedalot.TherealbirthofCriticalDiscourseAnalysisshouldbeattributedtothegreatscaleofresearchontheBritishMassMediain1970s.In1976theresearchersofGlasgowUniversityreportedtheirresultsofthe"badnews"onTVTheydiscoveredafterasystemicstudythattremendousnewsreportsexistedprejudiciallyinthegovernmentandcapitalists'favor.Theyimmediatelycameupmanyotherproductiveresults.EvenHalliday'sworkisverycompatiblewiththeiraimsininsistingthatthefunctionsoflinguisticstructuresarebasedonsocialstructures.InthefollowingthepublicationofthebookPowerandControl,RogerFowlershiftedhisattentiontothecriticalstudyofliteratureandlinguistics.GuntherKressin1985arguedthatwecouldnotremainatthesimplefactvalidatedinLanguageandControlthatdiscourseisnotideologicallyfree,andthereisacloserelationshipbetweenlanguageordiscourseandthesocialstructureorsocialprocesstheycomefrom.RogerFowler'scomingbacktothestudyofCDAwasfirstseenin1986,withthepublicationofLinguisticCriticism.Thebookisanintroductiontothecriticalstudyofdiscourse.AnotherbookNotesonCriticallinguisticsissuedin1987couldbeademonstrationofhischangeinpositioninghisstudy.Uptonow,thetheoryofCDAhasquitedeveloped.Forexample,in1991，RogerFowlerpublishedTheLinguisticEncyclopedia,whichhasbecomeamilestoneforthisbranchtowinitsofficialreceptioninthefieldoflinguistics.ManyfamouscriticallinguistsdistinguishthemselvesinthestudyofCDA.ThemodernlinguistcloughbegantoresearchCDAinthe1980s,andwrotedownmanybooks:

LanguageandPower（1989）,NewLabor,NewLanguage?

（2000）,andsomerelativepapers,whichestablishedhisplaceintheCDAresearch.VanDijk,RuthWodakandNormanFairclougharealsoimportantCDAlinguists.However,theirwaysofCDAresearcharedifferent.WiththeSocio-cognitivemodel,VanDijkanalyzedtheideologyfromsocial,cognitiveanddiscourseaspects.Wodakmainlyusedawayofdiscourse-historical,whichwasinfluencedbydiscoursecognitivemodel.AnotheroneisNormanFairclough,hiswayofresearchwascloselyrelatedtoM.A.K.Halliday'sSystemicFunctionalGrammar.

RecentlynotonlyinWesterncountriesbutalsoinChinathatCDAhasrevivedgreatattentionoflinguists.ChenZhongzhu,aprofessorinBeijingUniversity,isthefirsttointroducecriticallinguisticsintoChina.XinBinisanotherprominentfigureincriticalnewsanalysisathome.HisresearchsubjectisverycomprehensiverangingfromthetheoreticaloriginanddevelopmentofCLtotheanalysisofrealdiscoursetoshowhowlanguage,powerandideologyperformindifferentdiscourses.Inhisearlyarticles,Xin（1996）proposesthatacomparativestudyonnewsdiscourseisveryuseful.Hemakescomparativestudiesonnewsreportsfromdifferentnewspapersreportingthesameevent,employingsuchanalyticaltoolsasclassification,nominalization,passivization,modality,speechreportingandintertextuality.Inaddition,therelationshipofCDAtonewsdiscourse,thatofCDAtosystemic-functionallinguistics（SFL）andthemethodologyofCDAarealsounderdiscussioninhispapers.Thisarticlemainlyuseshisresearchwayasthetoolforanalysis.

1.2ThePurposeandSignificanceofthePresentStudy

ThepresentstudyisundertakenformtheperspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysis（CDA）.Theauthorholdstheviewthatthroughthecriticalanalysisofnewsreports,itcanhelpfosterpeople'scriticalawarenessofnewsreportsandrevealtheunderpinningideologicalmeaninginthemedia.

ThisstudyfocusesonthenewscoverageoftheDiaoyuislandsissuefromTheTimes,andChinaDaily,alloccupyleadingstatusinnewsmediafield.Theresearchemploysthemethodofcriticalanalysistoexaminehowwesternmediaembedideologyinnewsreportingthustoachievetheirpoliticalpurposes.Andalsothestudyaimstofindouttherelationshipbetweendiscourse,ideologyandpower,soastohelpreaderstocultivateandenhancetheircriticalawarenessinthefaceofthepurpose-orientedmedia.

Chapter2CaseStudies

TheDiaoyuIslandsisalongdisputedissueintherelationshipofChinaandJapan.InApril17,2012,ShintaroIshihara,theJapanesegovernor,announcedtobuytheislands,whichrejectedbytheChinesegovernmentandpeople.InJuly,AmericaandJapansignedanamendmenttomaketheDiaoyuIslandscoveredbyaUS-Japansecuritypact.Amonthlater,theHongKongresidentslandedtheislandstoprotectthesovereigntythatwerecaughtbytheJapanillegally.Chinaclaimsthesovereigntyiftheislandsandurgessettlingtheissuethroughnegotiations.

ThispaperselectedfourextractedpiecesofnewsfromChinaDailyandTheTimesaboutthedisputein2012.Theauthorwillanalyzethismatterinthreeaspects,modality,transformation,andlexicalclassification.

2.1Modality

OneofthemostusefulitemsinCriticalDiscourseAnalysisismodality.ThealternativeexplanationofmodalityontheCriticalDiscourseAnalysis,especiallyonthenewsdiscourseanalysis,means"comment"or"attitude".ThedefinitionofModalityisakindofactivitytothetextordiscoursewhichcanexplicitorimplicitthelinguisticviewpointorstandpointtakenbythespeaker.

ThestudiesofModalityfocusonthetense,thechoiceofdirectandindirectspeechandthechoiceofthe.First,thetenseusagesbetweenthesetwonewsreportsarealmostalike.Therefore,thispapermainlyfocusesonthedirectandindirectspeech.Itisobvioustofindthedifferencebetweendirectspeechandindirectspeechfromthesemanticlevel.Directspeechisthematter-of-factwaytorecordtheutteranceofspeaker,whileindirectspeechisakindofparaphraseorinterpretationoftheoriginalutterance.However,weshouldpointoutthatthemaindifferencebetweendirectspeechandindirectspeechisthespeaker'sattitudetowardsthereportedspeech.Thesourceofthedirectspeechcanreflectthebiasofthemedia.Becausethemediacanchoosewhoshouldbelistenedinthenewsandwhichspeechshouldbeheard.Ontheotherhand,theusageoftheindirectspeechcanreflectmore.Theindirectspeechwillignoremanythingsofthespeaker,suchasthetone.Itmeansthatthejournalistsjustrespectthecontentofthe