机械毕业设计英文外文翻译548载货汽车主减速器副本.docx

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译548载货汽车主减速器副本.docx

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机械毕业设计英文外文翻译548载货汽车主减速器副本

附录

TruckMainReductionGear

Inthehighlycompetitiveperiodfollowingtheenergycrisisoftheearly1970's,theautomotiveindustryhadtoshiftattentionincreasinglytowardsimprovementofthequalityoftheproduct,yetstillkeepingitspricesaslowaspossible.PriortothatGKNAxlesLtd,totakeoptimumadvantageofeconomiesofscale,hadbeenproducingathighlycompetitivepricesastandardrangeofaxlesofdifferenttypesandsizes,fromwhichallcustomers'needscouldbesatisfied.Becausevehiclemanufacturershadnothithertohadtoplacesuchagreatemphasisonfueleconomy,andthereforeonlightweight,thesestandardaxlescouldcaterreliablyforallconditionslikelytobemetinawidevarietyofapplications.Nowvehiclemanufacturersrequireaxlesdesignedanddevelopedfortheirspecificapplications.Asaxledesignisbecomingincreasinglyspecialised,customersareincreasinglyraisingtheiraspirationsintermsofperformanceanreliability.Forthisreason,theyareturningtospecialistssuchasGKNAxlesLtdwhohavetheabilitytoprovideaxlesforawidevarietyofvehicles。

Sincethe1970s,however,incommonwithvirtuallyallothersupplierstothehighvolumeproducersinthemotorindustry,GKNhasradicallymodifieditsapproachtosuittheprevailingconditionsastheychangethroughthe1980sandonintothe1990s.Itsaimnowisatsupplyingcompleteaxleassembles,including,forexample,thebrakes,alldesignedandfullydevelopedforandintegrated,asamatterofcourse,intospecificvehicledesignsincluding,inparticular,thoseforthespecialistmarket.

Emphasisisnowonrationalizationofmaterials,methodsandcomponents.Thisoverallchangehasbeennecessarybecauseofthegreatlyincreasedsophisticationdemandedofthemodernvehicle,intermsofoverallefficiency,compactness,lightweight,reliability,durability,refinementandmaintenance-freeoperation.AnotherareaintowhichGKNAxleshasexpandedisthesupplyofcomponentsandassembliessuchaslimited-slipdifferentials,ball-joints,transferboxes,gearsandsometypesofsuspension.

 Foroff-roadoperation,thedutycyclesmaybeentirelydifferentinbothtorsionalandbeamloading-denpendingontheapplication.Forexample,sometypesofvehiclespendaconsiderableproportionoftheirrunningtimeathightorqueinlowgear.Inmostcircumstances,theterrainmaybesuchthatthetyrestendtoslipmorereadilythanontarmac;inothers,however,forexampleinfairlyfirmsandyscrees,itmayallowtyrestobiteintoit,andthusleadtotorsionalfatigueloadingsignificantlygreaterthanonsmoothroads.Verticalandlateralloading,too,maybemuchmoresevere,thoughthisdosedependtoamajorextentonspeeds.Shockloadingcanalsoaffectbrakingandaccelerationtorquesthough,again,sucheffectsarespeed-dependent.

  Hypoidgearsystemsaremorecommonlyusedthanspiralbevels.Theirprincipleadvantagesarethatpinionsofaspecificratioarebigger,theirteethprofilesareoflargeradius,theyareinherentlystrongerandmoredurable,theirmeshingareasarelarger,andtheygeneratelessnoise

  Hostreductiongeareffectistobeusedtoreducetherotationratethatthetransmissionshaftsendsinbuttoenhancerevolutionmomentoftorsion,changesdrivedirectionwithmomentoftorsion,passesontohalfaxesafterdifferentialmechanismand.Thehostreductiongearstructureformisthattheformisdifferentbutdifferentaccordingtogearwheeltype,reductiongearmainly.Hostreductiongeargearwheelhashelixconeformssuchasgearwheel,hypoidgear,columngearwheelandwormgearwormmainly.

Pairoflevelhostreductiongeariscomparedwithsinglestage,thegapmaybe7~12transmissionratio,i0eachotheratthesametimeinsweartobeawayfromafield12.Butthedimension,massarewithoutexceptionbigger,costishigher.Itappliestomiddle,heavytypefreighttrain,go-anywherevehicleandmotorbusmainlygoahead.

Dyadicoverallpairoflevelhostreductiongearhasthevariousstructurescheme:

Firstorderisaconegearwheel,thesecondstageisacolumngearwheel;Firstorderisaconegearwheel,thesecondstageisepicyclicgear;Firstorderisepicyclicgear,thesecondstageisaconegearwheel;Firstorderisacolumngearwheel,thesecondstageisaconegearwheel.

Horizontal,askew,faceanddroopovertothethreekindstofirstorderfortheconegearwheel,thesecondstagearethatpairofcolumngearwheellevelbetokensreductiongear,buthasdirectionarrangementscheme.

Directionlevelarrangementcanusetheassemblydroopingovertooutlinedimensiondiminution,reducingtheautomobilequalityheartaltitudethereby,makesthedirectiondimensionincreasebybut,thattheuseonlongdistancebetweenshaftsautomobilebutappropriatediminutiontransmissionshaftlength,isharmfulforshortdistancebetweenshaftsautomobile'stoputarrangementtogetherbut,maymakeatransmissionshaftshort,leadstoauniversaltransmissionshaftintersectionangleenlarge.Droopovertoarrangingamessengertodrivethebridgedirectiondimensiondiminution,maydiminishauniversaltransmissionshaftintersectionangle,sincebuthostreductiongearshellfixessuperjacentinbridgeshell,makenotonlydroopoverenhancetooutlinedimension,andhavereducedbridgeshellstiffness,havebeenharmfulforgearwheeltowork.Thisarrangementbuteasytobeversedinstyledrivingabridgearrangement.Arrangingbridgeshellstiffnessandimprovingtothetransmissionshaftisslantingtoarrangementadvantageous.

Whenassigningatransmissionratioinpairoflevelhostreductiongearhavingtheconegearwheelandthecolumngearwheel,thecolumngearwheelis1.4~liketheratioauxiliaryandboringsubsidiarygearwheeltransmissionratio2.0,andtheconegearwheelis1.7~likesubsidiarytransmissionratio3.3,suchaxialloadingmaydiminishaconewhenthegearwheelisengagedandeffectloadingonthedrivenconegearwheelandthecolumngearwheel,maymaketheactiveconegearwheeltoothnumberappropriateincreasingbyatthesametime,makewhosesupportingaxisneckdimensionappropriateenlarge,Toimprovewhosesupportingstiffness,improvefalling-instationarityandthejobreliability.

 Formodernaxles,choiceofgearlubricantcanbecritical.Incarsoperatingathighspeedsonmotorways,axleoiltemperaturecanultimatelyriseevenhigherthan130℃,soventingofthecasingisimportant.Inprinciple,theoilinthebaseofthecastingissweptaroundoverthecrownwheelandthenforwardsthroughthetwobearingsthatcarrythepinion.Consequently,boththeshapesanddimensionsoftheclearancesbetweenthecrownwheelandcasingcanbecritical,andadequatedrainagehastobeprovidedfortheoiltoflow,throughchannelscoredinthepinionbearinghousings,backtothebaseofthecasing.

 Withinthegearcarrierunit,taperrollerbearingsareemployedalmostuniversallyforcarryingtheinputpinion.Theyhavealargeloadcapacitywithinasmallenvelope,andcanbepreloadedforaccurateandstablepositioningofthegears.Forpinionflangesealswhereresistancetohightemperaturesatrelativelyhighspeedsisessential,polyarcylatemaybespecified,buttheabrasiveconditionsVitonisgenerallypreferred.

Thattheconegearwheeltoothgoesoverwidthfacetofacecannotenhancegearwheelintensityandlife-span,isabletoleadtotoothditchunexpectedturnofeventssmallendbecauseofconegearwheelgearteethonthecontrarynarrowthecuttingknifethetopoftheheadfacewidtharousingistoonarrowandthepointofakniferoundangleistoosmall.Likethis,notonly,havediminishedthetoothradicalcircleradius,haveenlargedstrainalltogether,lifetimehavingreducedacutter.Besides,whenassembling,havelocationdeviationorwaitforcausesincefabrication,heattreatmentaredeformable,loadingconcentratesminoringearteethendwhenmakingagearwheelwork,isabletoarousegearteethholdinguntimelydamageandwearylossforashorttime.Thatbesides,thetoothgoesoverwidthfacetofacealsoisabletoarouseassemblingspacediminution.Theflankofatoothistoonarrowbut,thegearteethoutsideabrasionresistancemeetingreduces.

Fortherunning-inimprovingthenewgearwheel,preventthepersonfromdyinginworkingtoModelTwearappearoninitialstage,bruising,gluingtogetherorbarking,conegearwheelbonderizingbeing0.005~0.020mminheattreatmentandfinishmachiningaftercrop,thicknesshandlesorthecopperfacing,thetinplatinghandle.Theballcarryingoutstrainontheflankofatoothgushingissoldatreducedprices,mayimprove25%'sgearwheellife-span.Tothehighspeedgearwheelsliding,maybeinprogressasulfuroozinghandlingtoimproveabrasionresistance.Rubafactorbutnotablesulfurqueenlesseningoozes,eveniflubricatingconditionisrelativelypoor,also,canpreventtheflankofatoothbruisefromfacing,barkstodieandgluetogether.

载货汽车主减速器

在能源竞争激烈的二十世纪七十年代初，汽车业不得不将注意力越来越多地定格在改进产品的质量上，但仍然维持其价格尽可能低。

在此之前，吉凯恩车桥有限公司占据最佳经济规模的优势，在价格允许范围内生产极具竞争力的不同类型车轴，使所有客户的需求可以得到满足。

但由于汽车制造商并没有经历过这样一个非常注重燃油经济性的时期，因此，对重量轻的要求，这些标准车轴似乎可满足所有条件，满足各种各样的应用。

现在汽车制造商需要车轴设计和开发的具体应用。

轴设计正变得越来越专业化，在性能的可靠性方面，客户越来越多地提高自己的期望。

出于这个原因，他们在找一个能提供各种车辆轴的公司。

然而自二十世纪七十年代以来，在几乎所有其他汽车行业供应商的技术里，GKN从根本上改变了它的办法，以适应当前的条件，他们在二十世纪八十年代和九十年代的生产目的是提供完整的轮轴安装，其中包括，刹车、所有的设计和整合、具体的汽车设计，以及为专业市场特别设计的。

  现在的重点是合理化的材料，方法和内容。

总的改革是必要的，对于复杂性很大的现代汽车，考虑总体效率，紧凑，重量轻，可靠性，耐用性，完善和免维护运行。

另一个领域，GKN提供的车轴是扩大了供应的部件和组件，如限滑差速器，球关节，齿轮和某些类型的悬挂架。

 对于越野车，某些车辆设计公司花费了相当多的时间在较低齿轮但高扭矩的设计上。

在大多数情况下，地形可能使这样的轮胎打滑。

例如，在相当坚硬的沙质路面，它可能允许轮胎咬进去，从而使扭转疲劳显著大于在平稳的道路行驶。

虽然在大程度上这取