社会语言学期末复习.docx
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社会语言学期末复习
KeyTerms
1.Sociolinguistics:
Sociolinguisticsisconcernedwithinvestigatingtherelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsocietywiththegoalbeingabetterunderstandingofthestructureoflanguageandofhowlanguagesfunctionincommunication.Itisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.Thatistosay,insociolinguistics,westudylanguageandsocietyinordertofindoutasmuchaswecanaboutwhatkindofthinglanguageis.Coulmasputsitthatsociolinguisticsinvestigates“howsocialstructureinfluencesthewaypeopletalkandhowlanguagevarietiesandpatternsofusecorrelatewithsocialattributessuchasclass,sex,andage.”Insociolinguistics,westudy,forexample,linguisticvariation,dialects,languageattitudeanditseffectetc.
2.Independentvariable&dependentvariable
Anindependentvariableisanactivityorcharacteristicbelievedtomakeadifferencewithrespecttosomebehavior;adependentvariableisthechangeordifferenceinbehaviorthatoccursasaresultoftheindependentvariable.Forexample,inLabov’sstudyof/r/,thesocialstatusofthepeopleisanindependentvariableandthepronunciationof/r/isthedependentvariableasaresultofthechangeofthesocialstatus.
3.Variety
Varietyreferstoasetoflinguisticitemsorhumanspeechpatterns(sounds,words,grammaticalfeatures),whichcanbeuniquelyassociatedwithsomeexternalfactor(e.g.ageographicalareaorasocialgroup).Forexample,BlackEnglishisavarietyofEnglishrelatedwiththeracialgroupandBeijingdialectisalsoavarietyofChineseMandarinrelatedwiththegeographicalarea.
4.Languageanddialect
Languagereferseithertoasinglelinguisticnormortoagroupofrelatednormswhiledialectreferstooneofthenorms.Forexample,inBritain,theBritishspeaktheEnglishlanguageandtherearedialectssuchasYorkshiredialectetc.
5.Styleandregister
Stylereferstodifferencesinspeechorwritingintermsofdegreeofformality.Itisusuallyassociatedwithvariationsinsituation,topic,addressee,andlocation.Forexample,ourtalkismuchmoreformalinapublicspeechandlessinformalindailyconversation.Similarlywewouldtalkmorerespectfullywithaninterviewerandlesssowithclassmatesorfamilymembers.Registerreferstodifferencesinspeechorwritingintermsofvocabulary.Itisusuallyassociatedwithacertainoccupationalorsocialgroup.Forexample,jargonisthevocabularydifferencesbecauseofdifferentoccupations.
6.Standardvarietyandnon-standardvariety
Standardvarietyisthevarietywhichhasthehigheststatusinacommunityornationandwhichisusuallybasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakers.Othervarietiesareregardedasnon-standardvarieties.Forexample,inChina,Mandarinisthestandardvarietythathasthehigheststatus,andisusedinmedia,educationetcandothervarietiesarenon-standardones.
7.Standardization
Standardizationreferstotheprocessofmakingsomeaspectoflanguageusageconformstoastandardvariety.Thismaytakeplaceinconnectionwiththewritingorspellingsystemofaparticularlanguageandisusuallyimplementedbyagovernmentauthority.
8.Dialectgeographyandisogloss.
Dialectgeographyreferstothestudyofgeographicdistributionoflinguisticitems,theresultsplottedonmaps(dialectatlases).Linesmarkingtheboundariesoflinguisticfeaturesonsuchmapsareisoglosses.Forexample,inthefollowingmapwhichshowsthedistributionof/r/,/u/and//pronunciation,thelines,bothdottedandreallinesarecalledisogloss.
/r/-full&//
/r/-less&///r/-full&/u/
/r/-less&/u/
9.Networks
Networksrefertogroupsofpeoplewhocommunicatewitheachotherregularly.Thedensityofasocialnetworkdependsonthedegreetowhichthepeoplewhoformthesocialnetworkallknoweachother.
Theconcept“networks”isusedtoviewhowanindividualrelatestootherindividualsinsociety.Thatis,itstudieshowandonwhatoccasionsaspecificindividualAinteractsnowwithB,thenwithC,andthenagainwithD,howintensivethevariousrelationshipsare,(doesAinteractmorefrequentlywithBthanwithCorD?
)andhowextensiveA’srelationshipwithBisinthesenseofhowmanyotherindividualsinteractwithbothAandBinwhateveractivitybringsthemtogether.
Peoplecanbeinvolvedinadensenetworkifthepeopleyouknowandinteractwithalsoknowandinteractwithoneanother.Iftheydonot,thenetworkisalooseone.Andpeoplearesaidtobeinvolvedinamultiplexnetworkifthepeoplewithinitaretiedtogetherinmorethanoneway.
10.Variation
Variationreferstolanguagedifferencesinspeechandwritingbetweenspeakersofdifferentages,genders,socialclassesoridentities;ordifferencesindifferencesindifferentsituation,topic,addressee,and