本科毕业设计浅析海明威的死亡观以《死在午后》为例.docx

本科毕业设计浅析海明威的死亡观以《死在午后》为例.docx

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本科毕业设计浅析海明威的死亡观以《死在午后》为例

TableofContents

Abstracti

中文摘要ii

1.Introduction1

1.1Researchbackground2

1.2Thesignificanceoftheresearch2

1.2.1Ajustificationoftheresearch2

1.2.2Researchquestions2

1.3Researchmethod2

1.4Organizationofthedissertation2

2.LiteratureReview2

3.DeathofHemingway3

3.1Introduction3

3.2Imageoftoughman3

3.2.1Toughmaninworks3

3.2.2Toughmaninreality4

3.3Reasonsfordeath4

3.4Reactionstodeath4

3.5Summary5

4.DanceofDeath5

4.1Introduction5

4.2Bullfighting,anartofdeath5

4.3Thedeathofheroes5

4.4Deathvaluesofdeathintheafternoon6

4.5Summary6

5.Conclusion7

5.1Introduction8

5.2Summary8

5.3Limitationsandsuggestions8

References9

Acknowledgements10

Abstract

Hemingwayisalwaysconsideredasatoughman,whofinallykilledhimselfwithagun,andendedhislegendarylifewithadramaticallyway.Concerningthemysteryofhisdeath,therearemanydifferentversionsofthestory.Yet,itisstillunknownthroughthoroughinvestigationandstudy.

ThispaperinitiatesthedeathofHemingway,andproceedstomakeadeepanalysisofthenovellaDeathintheAfternoon,whichguidedbytheinterestinganddangerousbullfightstopresenthisuniqueunderstandingofdeath.

Hemingway’sexplicitandvividdescriptionofbullfightsandaseriesofperformanceintheringofbullfightersleadtoastrongsenseofinfection,whichisattractiveandenchanted.Besides,hisconciseandsuccinctinconversationwiththeoldladyrepresenttheessenceandthespiritofthebullfights.Hepointsoutinthebookthat“Bullfightingistheonlyartinwhichtheartistisindangerofdeath”,andrevealsthatthespiritofbullfightingisbravery,fearlessness,andindifferencetodeath.

Itisthehopeoftheauthorthatthepresentstudywillfinallydevelopourownunderstandingofdeath.

KeyWords:

toughman;death;DeathintheAfternoon;bullfighting;deathvalues

中文摘要

一向被视为硬汉的海明威，最后竟以含枪自杀如此戏剧化的方式结束他充满传奇色彩的一生。

关于他的死亡之迷，众说纷纭，经过研究探讨，最终仍是个迷。

本论文由海明威自杀背后开始，再而分析小说《死在午后》，以书中有趣而危险的斗牛作为引申，诠释他对死亡的独特见解。

海明威在《死在午后》中对斗牛详尽而生动的介绍，对斗牛士在场上系列动作表演的描写，给读者带来强烈的感染力，让人陶醉，使人入迷。

书中其与老妇人简洁精辟的对话道出了斗牛的本质与精神，他还指出“斗牛是一种绝无仅有的艺术家处于生命危险的艺术”，而斗牛精神就是勇敢无畏，视死如归的精神。

本文旨在写作的最后能对海明威的死亡观做出更深刻的探讨。

关键词：

硬汉；死亡；《死亡在午后》；斗牛；死亡观

1.Introduction

1.1Researchbackground

ErnestHemingwayisrealatoughman.Hisattractivepersonality,fearlesscharacterandunflinchingwillpower,andhisbroadheart,profoundthoughtsandexuberantvitalityareworthyofadmiration.Withadistinctivedisposition,heultimatelychoosestocommitsuicide.

Thinkingcarefully,theheroesinHemingway’sworks,suchasboxers,soldiers,bullfighters,fishermen,theyallpossessanamazingnature.Theywilloftenfacedeath,buttheywilloftenchoosetoconfrontdeathdirectly.Themisfortune,frustrationandfailurewhichtheyexperienceintheirlifearenotsimplybecauseofcontingency,butthedestinythatcouldnotbeavoided.Theyacceptdeath,atthesametimetheysurvivetoughly.

Formanypeople,deathisataboo.ForHemingway,deathisthecommonthemeofallofhisworks.Comparedwithotherthings,heismoreconcernedwithdeath.Thereasonwhyheshowsinterestindeathisthatthelifeheexperiencesinthewarperiodisfilledwithdangerandexcitement.Nomatterhowhardthecircumstancesare,hestillfirmlybelievesthatdeathisnothing,andholdsthefaiththatoneliveswithdeath.Hisattitudetowardsdeathisalwaysignorant.Finally,hedrawsaconclusionthatnobodycanextricatefromthemisfortuneofdeath.

WhileDeathintheAfternoonisamonographonbullfightsthroughwhichHemingwayshowshisattitudetowardsdeath.Asthesayinggoesinthebook,“Therearetwothingsthatarenecessaryforacountrytolovebullfights.Oneofthatisthepeoplemusthaveaninterestindeath”.Itistheinterestthatmostappealsmeandimpelsmetochoosethis.Thebullfightingvirtuallyaimsforthedeathofbulls,andisaresplendentdanceofdeathfilledwithpassionandexcitementwhichisrathercruel,butbeautiful.Theexcessivebeauty,therefore,isreallythefataltemptationtoarousethedesireforexploration.

Deathintheafternoonpresentsavividinterpretationofdeathvalues,whichisthesubjectmatterforthecurrentresearch.

1.2Thesignificanceoftheresearch

1.2.1Ajustificationoftheresearch

Thestudyofthisthesisissignificantinthefollowingaspects:

Inthefirstplace,aslongasonesurvivesintheworld,deathistheterminalideologicalactivitiesthatcouldnotbeavoided.Ontheonehand,menpersistentlypursuethemeaningoflife;ontheotherhand,theyfacethejudgmentofdeath.Mostimportantly,itisthedeaththatstimulateshumanbeings’desiretoliveandencourageshumanbeingstomakeprobesintothevalueoflifewhichbringpeoplealoftyideatoconfrontthecruelscufflesinlifeproperly,andgivethemapowertofacedeathcomposedly.

Inthesecondplace,manystudieshavealreadybeenputonHemingway’sTheOldManandtheSea.Beginningwithadistinctangle,however,thispaperistoresearchDeathintheAfternoonandthedeathvaluesreflectedinthenovella.Comparedwiththelifecircle,thematterofdeathiseventuallymoreattractiveandclosertothereality.Ultimatelytherefore,theresearchwillbeconclusivetoanewperspectivefordeath.Hence,itisnecessarytostudy.

1.2.2Researchquestions

Afterdefendingthenecessityoftheresearch,wehavetotakeintoconsiderationthefeasibilityoftheproposedstudy.Belowaretheresearchquestions:

1）Hemingwaychoosestocommitsuicide,didheright?

2）Shouldwelivebravelyaslongaswearealive?

3）Whatactuallythematterofdeathis?

1.3Researchmethod

Theresearchisdocument-based.Itisexploratoryandinterpretive,anditiscompletelyaninformationcollection.Thisresearchwilllaystressonaclose-readingofthenovellaDeathintheAfternoon,whichmeansthatsomecontentswillbedrawnfromthestoryforaclearillustrationofthepoints.

1.4Organizationofthedissertation

Thepaperconsistsoffivechapters.ChapterOneoffersabriefintroductiontotheresearchbackground.ChapterTwoisliteraturereview.ChapterThreeexplainstherelatedinformationonHemingway’sdeath.ChapterFourwillapplyadetailedanalysisofthenovellasoastodemonstratetheessenceofdeath.ChapterFiveistheconclusionoftheresearch.

2.LiteratureReview

DeathisthecommonsubjectofHemingway’sworks,somanyscholarsathomeandabroadhavethoroughlystudiedonitthroughdifferentworksanddifferentaspects.Followingaresomecoordinates.

Hisearlyworks,suchasInOurTime,IndianCampreflectHemingway’sinitialunderstandingofdeath.TheSunalsoRises,andAFarewelltoArmsareasortofdeepperception.Theoldmanandtheseaisthesublimationofdeathawareness.

Athome,takingYangMei（2007）forexample,heanalyzestheconceptofdeaththroughhisreinterpretationofTheOldandtheSea.Inaddition,YuanXuesheng（2003）andFuShuqin（2003）starttogetherfromthedeeppsychologyinlifeinordertoanalyzethesenseofdeath.

However,atabroad,forinstance,Backer（1972）laysstressontheanalysisofHemingway’sbackground,personality,andworks.Besides,Wylder（1969）focusesontheinterpretationofHemingway-typedheroestoshowthedeathviews.

Fromthementionedabove,itcanbesaidthatthestudyofHemingway’sdeathvaluesinacademiccirclesnowadaysisanopenfield,havingmanybranches.Yet,DeathintheAfternoonisthecombinationoftheessenceandspiritofthebullfightstointerpretHemingway’sdeathcognition.Inspiredbythisreview,thefollowingchapterswillpresentstepbystepHemingway’sdeathideas.

3.DeathofHemingway

3.1Introduction

Therenownednovelist,Hemingway,killshimselfwithashotgun.Therearealotofviewsofhisdeath.Thepurposehereisnottoenumerateallthereasonsforpossibility,buttheacceptableone,whichincludinghisimageoftoughmaninworksandinreality,andthedifferentreactionsofpeopletodescribehisdeath.

3.2Imageoftoughman

3.2.1Toughmaninworks

ItisobviousthatalmostofHemingway’snovelsinvolvedwithdeathwhichcausedbywar,disease,emotionandvariousaccidents.FromtheearliestpublicationthecollectionofshortstoriesInOurTimetothepublicationofTheOldManandtheSeabeforehisdeathwhichbringshimthehighesthonorthathedevelopsthethoughtoflifethroughdeath.

Theboxers,bullfighters,fishermen,writersandsoldiersandsoforthareheroicfiguresinhisnovels.Theyareallmanofactionratherthanamanoftheory.Theyoftenwillbeintheedgeoflifeanddeath,buttheyhavechosentoconfrontdeathdirectly.ThatiswhataHemingway-typeheroshouldhave.Themenactinanacceptableway,neverinacowardlyway,whoseinitialfeelingsoffearchangedfinallyintoanindifferentattitudetowardsloss,andtowardsdeath.Thisistheso-called“GraceunderPressure”.

Firstofall,takeHenryforexample,theherointhenovelofAFarewelltoArms.Afterexperiencingabrutalworldwarandbeingtheedgeofdyingseveraltimes,heunderstandsthattherealthreatofdeathisnotthedestructionoflife,butmostpeopleintheworldcouldnotcontroltheirowndestiny.Atlast,Henry’swifediesofdystocia,whichisindeedaheavyblowtohim.Whatthestoryisgoingtoillustrateisthattheimpactonthewholeworldisinsignificant,regardlessoftheexistenceortheeliminationofindividual.

ThenextwillbereferredtoJordan,thecharacterofForWhomtheBellTolls.He,asauniversitystudent,rushestothebattlefieldsofSpainwiththebestfeelingtotheoppressednationsintheworld.However,he