四级长难句精讲课程讲义.docx

四级长难句精讲课程讲义.docx

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四级长难句精讲课程讲义

史上经典！

四级长难句分析

主讲：

Mike

在大学英语四级考试的阅读理解中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。

长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。

长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。

理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。

首先我们先来了解制造长句的几个要点

一词汇：

核心词汇+普通词汇

二语法结构

1．从句：

定语、同位语、表语、宾语、状语

2．并列结构

3．插入语

4．倒装

5．强调

6．省略：

分词作定语，独立主格结构

2008-6

1．Buttherealtruthisthatwedon'tknowenoughtorelieveglobalwarming,and——withoutmajortechnologicalbreakthroughs——wecan'tdomuchaboutit.

2.Thetroublewiththeglobalwarmingdebateisthatithasbecomea moralproblemwhenit'sreallyanengineeringone.

3．PrivacyeconomistAlessandroAcauistihasrunaseriesof teststhatrevealpeoplewillsurrenderpersonalinformationlikeSocialSecuritynumbersjusttogettheirhandsonapitiful50-cents-offcoupon（优惠卷）

4.Thedigitalbreadcrumbs（碎屑）youleaveeverywheremakeiteasyforstrangerstoreconstructwhoyouare,whereyouareandwhatyoulike.

2007-12

4．Thestoryaboutafearfulangelstartingfirstgradewasquickly“guided”bymeintothetaleofalittlegirlwithawildimaginationtakingherfirstmusiclesson.

5.BecauseIknowverylittleaboutfarmanimalswhousetoolsorangelswhogotofirstgrade,IhadtoacceptthefactthatIwasco-optingmydaughter’sexperience.

6.Whilesteppingbackwasdifficultforme,itwascertainlyagoodfirststepthatIwillquicklyfollowwithmoresteps,puttingmyselffarenoughawaytogiveherroombutcloseenoughtohelpifasked.

2007-6

7.Whileyouneedtoemploybothtogettoafinishedresult,theycannotworkinparallelnomatterhowmuchwemightliketothinkso.

8.Tryingtocriticizewritingontheflyispossiblythesinglegreatestbarriertowritingthatmostofusencounter.Ifyouarelisteningtothat5thgradeEnglishteachercorrectyourgrammarwhileyouaretryingtocaptureafleeting（稍纵即逝的）thought,thethoughtwilldie.Ifyoucapturethefleetingthoughtandsimplyshareitwiththeworldinrawform,nooneislikelytounderstand.Youmustlearntocreatefirstandthencriticizeifyouwanttomakewritingthetoolforthinkingthatitis.

9.ThepracticethatcanhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabitsoftryingtoeditasyouwriteiswhatElbowcalls“freewriting.”

10.Asthewordsbegintoflow,theideaswillcomefromtheshadowsandletthemselvesbecapturedonyournotepadoryourscreen.

11.Nowyouhaverawmaterialsthatyoucanbegintoworkwithusingthecriticalmindthatyou’vepersuadedtositonthesideandwatchquietly.

12.Mostlikely,youwillbelievethatthiswilltakemoretimethanyouactuallyhaveandyouwillendupstaringblanklyatthepagesasthedeadlinedrawsnear.

13.Therewasatimeinmylifewhenpeopleaskedconstantlyforstoriesaboutwhatit’sliketoworkinafielddominatedbymen.

14.Sometimes,whenIwaspushedintoanargumentonleftbrainversus（相对于）rightbrain,ornatureversusnurture（培育）,Iwouldinstantlyfightfiercelyonmybehalfandallwomankind.

15.Thenonedayafewyearsago,outofmymouthcameasentencethatwouldeventuallybecomemyreplytoanyandallprovocations:

Idon’ttalkaboutthatanymore.

16.Ittookme10yearstogetbacktheconfidenceIhadat19andtorealizethatIdidn’twanttodealwithgenderissues.

2006-12

17.Infact,NewYork’smunicipalwaterformorethanacenturywascalledthechampagneoftapwateranduntilrecentlyconsideredamongthebestintheworldintermsofbothtasteandpurity.

18.Similarly,amagazineinEnglandfoundthattapwaterfromtheThamesRivertastedbetterthanseveralleadingbrandsofbottledwaterthatwere400timesmoreexpensive.

19.AccordingtoanarticleinTheStreetJournal,someofthemoreshamelesstacticsincludeplacingattractivebottlesonthetableforavisualsell,listingbrandsonthemenuwithoutprices,andpouringbottledwaterwithoutevenaskingthedinersiftheywantit.

20.Regardlessofhowit’ssold,thepopularityofbottledwatertapsintoourdesireforbetterhealth,ourwishtoappearcultivated,andevenalongingforlostpurity.

21.Aswehaveseen,thefocusofmedicalcareinoursocietyhasbeenshiftingfromcuringdiseasetopreventingdisease—especiallyintermsofchangingourmanyunhealthybehaviors,suchaspooreatinghabits,smoking,andfailuretoexercise.

22.Imagineapersonwhoisabouttherightweight,butdoesnoteatverynutritiousfoods,whofeelsOKbutexercisesonlyoccasionally,whogoestoworkeveryday,butisnotanoutstandingworker,whodrinksafewbeersathomemostnightsbutdoesnotdrivewhiledrunk,andwhohasnochestpainsorabnormalbloodcounts,butsleepsalotandoftenfeelstired.

23.Thefieldofmedicinehasnottraditionallydistinguishedbetweensomeonewhoismerely“notill”andsomeonewhoisinexcellenthealthandpaysattentiontothebody’sspecialneeds.

24.Inrecentyears,however,somehealthspecialistshavebeguntoapplytheterms“well”and“wellness”onlytothosewhoareactivelystrivingtomaintainandimprovetheirhealth.

25.Evenpeoplewhohaveaphysicaldiseaseorhandicap（缺陷）maybe“well,”inthisnewsense,iftheymakeanefforttomaintainthebestpossiblehealththeycaninthefaceoftheirphysicallimitations.

26.Andbyfocusingattentiononhealthywaysofliving,theconceptofwellnesscanhaveabeneficialimpactonthewaysinwhichpeoplefacethechallengesofdailylife.

2006-6

27.ButHancocksaysitisalsocrucialwhetheraconversationisbeingrecordedandcouldbereread,andwhetheritoccursinrealtime.

28.ManyimmigrantsinSaltLakeCitywereangeredbythearrestsandsaidtheyfeltasiftheywerebeingtreatedlikedisposablegoods.

▲

29.We’resayingwewantyoutoworkintheseplaces,we’regoingtolooktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsare,andthenwhenit’sconvenientforus,orwhenwecantrytomakeapointintermsofnationalsecurity,especiallyafterSept.11,thenyou’redisposable.

30.IfSept.11hadneverhappened,theairportworkerswouldnothavebeenarrestedandcouldhavegoneonquietlylivinginAmerica,probablyindefinitely.

2006-6旧

31．Women’seducationmaybeunusualterritoryforeconomists,butenhancingwomen’scontributiontodevelopmentisactuallyasmuchaneconomicasasocialissue.

32．Parentsinlow-incomecountriesfailtoinvestintheirdaughtersbecausetheydonotexpectthemtomakeaneconomiccontributiontothefamily:

girlsgrowuponlytomarryintosomebodyelse’sfamilyandbearchildren.

33．Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandartkeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy（预言）becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircleofneglect.

34．Sheislikelytohavefewerbuthealthierchildrenandcaninsistonthedevelopmentofallherchildren,ensuringthatherdaughtersaregivenafairchance.

35．Thecarisfittedwitharemoteimmobiliser（锁止器）,andaradiosignalfromacontrolcentremilesawaywillensurethatoncethethiefswitchestheengineoff,hewillnotbeabletostartitagain.

36．Moderncarsarefartoughertosteal,astheirenginemanagementcomputerwon’tallowthemtostartunlesstheyreceiveauniqueIDcodebeamedoutbytheignition（点火）key.

2005-12

37．Whilehere’sonquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestthatchallengingsituationsinwhichyou’reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodforyou.

38．Ina2001studyof158hospitalnurses,thosewhofacedconsiderableworkdemandsbutcopedwiththechallengeweremorelikelytosaytheywereingoodhealththanthosewhofelttheygetthejobdone.

39.Thenthereisthegeneral,allcoveringapology,whichavoidsthenecessityofidentifyingaspecificactthatwasparticularlyhurtfulorinsulting,andwhichthepersonwhoisapologizingshouldpromisenevertodoagain.

40.Parentswhowishtoteachtheirchildrentoapologizeshouldseeitasasignofstrength,andthereforenotresorttothesepseudo-apologies.

实战演练

1．Buttheresearchpaperalsogivesyouachancetoindividualizeaschoolassignment,tosuitapieceofworktoyourowninterestsandabilities,toshowotherswhatyoucando.

2.Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier.

3.Recentstoriesinthenewspapersandmagazinessuggestthatteachingandresearchcontradicteachother,thatresearchplaystooprominentapartinacademicpromotions,andthatteachingisbadlyunderemphasized.

4.Househadtobesited“withineasywalkingdistanceoftherailroadstation,”assomeoldresidentswouldpointout;andonlythosewealthyenoughtoaffordahorseandacarriagedaredtopenetratefartherintotheopencountry.

5.Whitecollarworkersdoingroutineworkingovernmentofficesare,however,aslikelytohaveshrinkingbrainsasthefarmworker,busdriverandshopassistant.

6.Butyoumustknowthatdifferentnationshavedifferentwaysoflookingatthings,andyouwillthereforenotbeoffendedifyourideasofthiskindofeducationhappennottobethesameasyours.

7.Collegegraduatesaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis;collegestudentsinterferewitheachother’sexperimentsandwritefalselettersofrecommendationintheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool.

8.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhehastochangetoanother,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingveryefficiently.

9.Therecentgrowthofexportsurplusesontheworldfoodmarkethascertainlybeenunexpectedlygreat,partlybecauseastrangesequenceoftwosuccessfulgrainharvest