翻译理论中的术语.docx
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翻译理论中的术语
∙Communication
∙ConsecutiveInterpreting
∙Creole
∙Dialect
∙Chuchotage
∙Discourse
∙DiscourseAnalysis
∙DiscourseMarkers
∙Effectiveness
∙Efficiency
∙FreeTranslation
∙Globalization
∙Honorifics
∙Idiolect
∙Inflection
∙Internationalization
∙Interpreting
∙Language
∙LanguageFamily
∙LanguageType
∙LegalTranslation
∙Lexis
∙LiaisonInterpreting
∙Localization
∙LiaisonInterpreting
∙MachineTranslation
∙Machine-AidedTranslation
∙Mediation
∙Morpheme
∙Morphology
∙NaturalLanguageProcessing
∙Pidgin
∙Register
∙Semantics
∙SimultaneousInterpreting
∙SourceText
∙SpeechAct
∙SpeechCommunity
∙Syllabary
∙TargetText
∙TelephoneInterpreting
∙Tenor
∙TextAct
∙ToneLanguages
∙Translation
∙TranslationMemory
∙UnitOfTranslation
∙WhistledSpeech
∙WordOrder
∙Word-For-WordTranslation
∙WorldKnowledge
∙Bibliography
Communication:
Communicationisthetransferofanintendedmessage,andthisisthepurposeoflanguageitself.Obviously,thisprocesscanbedividedintotwobroadstages:
transmission(speaking,writing)andreception(listening,reading).
Butthereareanothertwostages:
beforetransmission,formulatingthemessageaccurately(coherence)andafterreception,understandingthemessageaccurately(assimilation).Thesesoundlikesimpleprocesses,yetinfacttheyarenot:
forexample,howoftendowereallyhavethepatiencetolistencloselytowhatsomeoneelseistellingus?
ConsecutiveInterpreting:
Theinterpreterstartstotranslateonlyafterthespeakerhasfinishedhis/herutterance.Oftenusedatsmallerconferencesetc.,generallyusedincourtroomsettings,speeches.Justoneinterpreterisoftenenough.
Creole:
AmothertongueformedfromthecontactofaEuropeanlanguage(esp.English,French,orPortuguese)withanother(esp.African)language.(OED)
Dialect:
1.Aformofspeechpeculiartoaparticularregion.
2.Asubordinatevarietyofalanguagewithnon-standardvocabulary,pronunciation,orgrammar.(OED)
Chuchotage:
Theinterpreterispostedbesidetheclientandinrealtimediscretely'whispers'his/hertranslationofthespeechactivity.
Discourse:
Modesofspeakingandwritingwhichinvolveparticipantsinadoptingaparticularattitudetowardsareasofsocio-culturalactivity(e.g.racistdiscourse,officialese,etc.).(DaL)
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DiscourseAnalysis:
Inthiscontext,thestudyofmeaningusingalargeunitoftranslation,e.g.paragraphorpagelevel,andtakingintoaccountthewidestpossiblecontext.
DiscourseMarkers:
Wordssuchas'good','but',uh-huh','well'thatdivideup(andalsolink)sectionsofspeech.
Effectiveness:
Optimumachievementofacommunicativegoal.(DaL)
Efficiency:
Achievementofacommunicativegoalinthemosteconomicmannerpossible.Languageusersnormallycounterbalanceeffectivenessandefficiencyinordertoachievemaximumeffectfromminimumuseofresources.(DaL)
FreeTranslation:
Translatinglooselyfromtheoriginal.Contrastedwithwordforwordorliteraltranslation,thismaybethebestmethoddependingonthemostappropriateunitoftranslationinvolved.
Globalization:
Globalizationaddressesthebusinessissuesassociatedwithtakingaproductglobal.Intheglobalizationofhigh-techproductsthisinvolvesintegratinglocalizationthroughoutacompany,afterproperinternationalizationandproductdesign,aswellasmarketing,sales,andsupportintheworldmarket.(PGL)
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Honorifics:
Alllanguageshaveparticularwaysofshowingpoliteness(e.g.Frenchtu/vous,Spanishtu/usted,Japaneseyomu/yomi-masu).(Aol)
Idiolect:
Featuresoflanguagevariationcharacteristicofanindividualspeaker:
basically,everyonehasauniquewayoftalking.
Inflection:
Achangeintheformof(aword)toexpresstense,gender,number,mood,etc.(OED)
Internationalization:
Internationalizationistheprocessofgeneralizingaproductsothatitcanhandlemultiplelanguagesandculturalconventionswithouttheneedforre-design.Internationalizationtakesplaceatthelevelofprogramdesignanddocumentdevelopment.(PGL)
Interpreting:
Interpretingcanbedefinedasthetranslationofspeechorally,asopposedtotranslationofwrittentexts.(OED)
Itrequiresspecialskills(notetaking,summarizing,languageskills),agoodmemory,sheermentalstaminaand,often,arduoustraining.
Anumberofnationalandinternationalorganizationsgoverntheprofession,whiletheUnitedNationsInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsentitleseverydefendantinacriminaltrialtohavetheassistanceofaninterpreter,ifnecessary.
Thereareseveraltypesofinterpreting:
simultaneous,consecutive,liaison
Simultaneousinterpreting:
Theinterpreterstartstotranslatebeforethespeakerhasfinishedhis/herutterance.Mostoftenusedatlargeeventssuchasconferencesandcarriedoutbypanelsofatleasttwointerpretersusingspecialequipment.Asthistypeofworkisparticularlytiringandstressful,theruleofthumbisthataninterpretershouldbeabletotakeabreakafter45minutesofcontinuouswork.
Liaisoninterpreting:
Agenericnameforbusinessinterpreting;alsojustinterpretingfortradeconventionsandothergeneralbusinesssituations.Usuallyreferstotheactivitiesofasingleinterpreterwhoaccompaniesanindividualordelegationaround.
Consecutiveinterpreting:
Theinterpreterstartstotranslateonlyafterthespeakerhasfinishedhis/herutterance.Oftenusedatsmallerconferencesetc.,generallyusedincourtroomsettings,speeches.Justoneinterpreterisoftenenough.
TOP
Language:
1.Themethodofhumancommunication,eitherspokenorwritten,consistingoftheuseofwordsinanagreedway.(OED)
2.Thedistinctiveformofspeechofaparticularcommunity,mostorallofwhichisunintelligibletooutsiders.
LanguageFamily:
Asetoflanguagesthatcanbeshowntoderivefromacommonroot.(AoL)(e.g.Indo-European,Austronesian)
LanguageType:
Accordingtotheirwordstructure(morphology),languagescanbedividedintofourbasictypes:
1.Isolating:
eachelementisanindependentwordwithoutinflections(ChineseandVietnamese)
2.Agglutinating:
elementscombinewithoutchangingtheirformtoexpresscompoundideas(Japanese,German)
3.Inflectional:
theboundariesbetweenmorphemesarefuzzy,andmorphemescanexpressmorethanonegrammaticalmeaningatatime(Latin,Russian)(AoL)
4.Polysynthetic:
severalmorphemesareputtogethertoformcomplexwordswhichcanfunctionasawholesentence(Chukchi)(AoL)
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LegalTranslation:
Legaltranslationisadistinctspecialty.
Whatskillsdoesitneed?
Donewell,itrequiresavarietyofadvancedskillstobepresentinthetranslator:
first,completemasteryofbothsourceandtargetlanguages;second,agoodknowledgeofthetwolegalsystemsinvolved;third,knowledgeoftherelevantsub-areasoflaw;fourth,anawarenessofanyotherrelevantdisciplinesandsubjectmatter,(e.g.steelmaking,ifthedocumentsofacaseconcernasteelworks);fifth,trainingintheartoftranslationitself. It'sclearthatit'snoteasytofindsuchacombinationofskills,especiallyastheyarenotacquiredquickly--eitherontheirownorcollectively.
Allthisreflectstheuniquenatureoflegallanguage.
Asthenotedlanguageauthority,DavidCrystalputsit:
"Legallanguageshareswithscienceaconcernforcoherenceandprecision;anditshareswithreligionarespectforritualandhistoricaltradition"
"Legallanguagehasalwaysbeenpulledindifferentdirections.Itsstatementshavetobesophrasedthatwecanseethegeneralapplicability,yetbespecificenoughtoapplytoindividualcircumstances.Theyhavetobestableenoughtostandthetestoftime,sothatcaseswillbetreatedconsistentlyandfairly,yetflexibleenoughtoadapttonewsocialsituations.Aboveall,theyhavetobeexpressedinsuchawaythatpeoplecanbecertainabouttheintentionofthelawrespectingtheirrightsandduties.Noothervarietyoflanguagehastocarrysucharesponsibility.'
WhenreferringtolegalEnglish,hestates:
"LegalEnglishhasseveralsubvarieties,reflectingitsdifferentroles.Forexample,thereisthelanguageoflegaldocuments,suchascontracts,deeds,insurancepolicies,willsandmanykindsofregulation.Thereisthelanguageofworksoflegalreference,withthecomplexapparatusoffootnotesandindexing.Thereisthelanguageofcaselaw,madeoutofthespokenorwrittendecisionswhichjudgesmakeaboutindividualcases.Thereisthespokenlanguageofthecourtroom,withtheritualcourtesiesofjudges,counselandcourtofficialsandconstraintsgoverningwhatcountsasevidenceandwhatmayormaynotbesaid.Legallanguageisuniqueinthewayutterancesaresubjecttosanctions,suchasafineorimprisonmentforlinguisticcontemptofcourt.
AfundamentaldistinctionseparatesthelanguageoftheLegislatureχwhichinstitutesalegaltextandthelanguageofthejudiciarywhichinterpretsandappliesthattext.Apivotalroleisplayedbysetofconstitutionalstatementsstatutes(Acts),andotherdocumentswhichcomefromtheLegislature.Inthesecases,thewords,literallyarelaw."(CoL)
Wedolegaltranslationwell!
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Lexis:
1.Words,vocabulary.
2.Thetotalstockofwordsinalanguage.(OED)
LiaisonInterpreting:
Agenericnameforbusinessinterpreting;alsojustinterpretingfortradeconventionsandothergeneralbusinesssituations.Usuallyreferstotheactivitiesofasingleinterpreterwhoaccompaniesanindividualordelegationaround.
Localization:
Localizationinvolvestakingaproductandmakingitlinguisticallyan