翻译理论中的术语.docx

翻译理论中的术语.docx

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翻译理论中的术语

∙Communication

∙ConsecutiveInterpreting

∙Creole

∙Dialect

∙Chuchotage

∙Discourse

∙DiscourseAnalysis

∙DiscourseMarkers

∙Effectiveness

∙Efficiency

∙FreeTranslation

∙Globalization

∙Honorifics

∙Idiolect

∙Inflection

∙Internationalization

∙Interpreting

∙Language

∙LanguageFamily

∙LanguageType

∙LegalTranslation

∙Lexis

∙LiaisonInterpreting

∙Localization

∙LiaisonInterpreting

∙MachineTranslation

∙Machine-AidedTranslation

∙Mediation

∙Morpheme

∙Morphology

∙NaturalLanguageProcessing

∙Pidgin

∙Register

∙Semantics

∙SimultaneousInterpreting

∙SourceText

∙SpeechAct

∙SpeechCommunity

∙Syllabary

∙TargetText

∙TelephoneInterpreting

∙Tenor

∙TextAct

∙ToneLanguages

∙Translation

∙TranslationMemory

∙UnitOfTranslation

∙WhistledSpeech

∙WordOrder

∙Word-For-WordTranslation

∙WorldKnowledge

∙Bibliography

Communication:

Communicationisthetransferofanintendedmessage,andthisisthepurposeoflanguageitself.Obviously,thisprocesscanbedividedintotwobroadstages:

transmission（speaking,writing）andreception（listening,reading）.

Butthereareanothertwostages:

beforetransmission,formulatingthemessageaccurately（coherence）andafterreception,understandingthemessageaccurately（assimilation）.Thesesoundlikesimpleprocesses,yetinfacttheyarenot:

forexample,howoftendowereallyhavethepatiencetolistencloselytowhatsomeoneelseistellingus?

ConsecutiveInterpreting:

Theinterpreterstartstotranslateonlyafterthespeakerhasfinishedhis/herutterance.Oftenusedatsmallerconferencesetc.,generallyusedincourtroomsettings,speeches.Justoneinterpreterisoftenenough.

Creole:

AmothertongueformedfromthecontactofaEuropeanlanguage（esp.English,French,orPortuguese）withanother（esp.African）language.（OED）

Dialect:

1.Aformofspeechpeculiartoaparticularregion.

2.Asubordinatevarietyofalanguagewithnon-standardvocabulary,pronunciation,orgrammar.（OED）

Chuchotage:

Theinterpreterispostedbesidetheclientandinrealtimediscretely'whispers'his/hertranslationofthespeechactivity.

Discourse:

Modesofspeakingandwritingwhichinvolveparticipantsinadoptingaparticularattitudetowardsareasofsocio-culturalactivity（e.g.racistdiscourse,officialese,etc.）.（DaL）

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DiscourseAnalysis:

Inthiscontext,thestudyofmeaningusingalargeunitoftranslation,e.g.paragraphorpagelevel,andtakingintoaccountthewidestpossiblecontext.

DiscourseMarkers:

Wordssuchas'good','but',uh-huh','well'thatdivideup（andalsolink）sectionsofspeech.

Effectiveness:

Optimumachievementofacommunicativegoal.（DaL）

Efficiency:

Achievementofacommunicativegoalinthemosteconomicmannerpossible.Languageusersnormallycounterbalanceeffectivenessandefficiencyinordertoachievemaximumeffectfromminimumuseofresources.（DaL）

FreeTranslation:

Translatinglooselyfromtheoriginal.Contrastedwithwordforwordorliteraltranslation,thismaybethebestmethoddependingonthemostappropriateunitoftranslationinvolved.

Globalization:

Globalizationaddressesthebusinessissuesassociatedwithtakingaproductglobal.Intheglobalizationofhigh-techproductsthisinvolvesintegratinglocalizationthroughoutacompany,afterproperinternationalizationandproductdesign,aswellasmarketing,sales,andsupportintheworldmarket.（PGL）

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Honorifics:

Alllanguageshaveparticularwaysofshowingpoliteness（e.g.Frenchtu/vous,Spanishtu/usted,Japaneseyomu/yomi-masu）.（Aol）

Idiolect:

Featuresoflanguagevariationcharacteristicofanindividualspeaker:

basically,everyonehasauniquewayoftalking.

Inflection:

Achangeintheformof（aword）toexpresstense,gender,number,mood,etc.（OED）

Internationalization:

Internationalizationistheprocessofgeneralizingaproductsothatitcanhandlemultiplelanguagesandculturalconventionswithouttheneedforre-design.Internationalizationtakesplaceatthelevelofprogramdesignanddocumentdevelopment.（PGL）

Interpreting:

Interpretingcanbedefinedasthetranslationofspeechorally,asopposedtotranslationofwrittentexts.（OED）

Itrequiresspecialskills（notetaking,summarizing,languageskills）,agoodmemory,sheermentalstaminaand,often,arduoustraining. 

Anumberofnationalandinternationalorganizationsgoverntheprofession,whiletheUnitedNationsInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsentitleseverydefendantinacriminaltrialtohavetheassistanceofaninterpreter,ifnecessary.

Thereareseveraltypesofinterpreting:

simultaneous,consecutive,liaison

Simultaneousinterpreting:

Theinterpreterstartstotranslatebeforethespeakerhasfinishedhis/herutterance.Mostoftenusedatlargeeventssuchasconferencesandcarriedoutbypanelsofatleasttwointerpretersusingspecialequipment.Asthistypeofworkisparticularlytiringandstressful,theruleofthumbisthataninterpretershouldbeabletotakeabreakafter45minutesofcontinuouswork.

Liaisoninterpreting:

Agenericnameforbusinessinterpreting;alsojustinterpretingfortradeconventionsandothergeneralbusinesssituations.Usuallyreferstotheactivitiesofasingleinterpreterwhoaccompaniesanindividualordelegationaround.

Consecutiveinterpreting:

Theinterpreterstartstotranslateonlyafterthespeakerhasfinishedhis/herutterance.Oftenusedatsmallerconferencesetc.,generallyusedincourtroomsettings,speeches.Justoneinterpreterisoftenenough.

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Language:

1.Themethodofhumancommunication,eitherspokenorwritten,consistingoftheuseofwordsinanagreedway.（OED）

2.Thedistinctiveformofspeechofaparticularcommunity,mostorallofwhichisunintelligibletooutsiders.

LanguageFamily:

Asetoflanguagesthatcanbeshowntoderivefromacommonroot.（AoL）（e.g.Indo-European,Austronesian）

LanguageType:

Accordingtotheirwordstructure（morphology）,languagescanbedividedintofourbasictypes:

1.Isolating:

eachelementisanindependentwordwithoutinflections（ChineseandVietnamese）

2.Agglutinating:

elementscombinewithoutchangingtheirformtoexpresscompoundideas（Japanese,German）

3.Inflectional:

theboundariesbetweenmorphemesarefuzzy,andmorphemescanexpressmorethanonegrammaticalmeaningatatime（Latin,Russian）（AoL）

4.Polysynthetic:

severalmorphemesareputtogethertoformcomplexwordswhichcanfunctionasawholesentence（Chukchi）（AoL）

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LegalTranslation:

Legaltranslationisadistinctspecialty.

Whatskillsdoesitneed?

Donewell,itrequiresavarietyofadvancedskillstobepresentinthetranslator:

first,completemasteryofbothsourceandtargetlanguages;second,agoodknowledgeofthetwolegalsystemsinvolved;third,knowledgeoftherelevantsub-areasoflaw;fourth,anawarenessofanyotherrelevantdisciplinesandsubjectmatter,（e.g.steelmaking,ifthedocumentsofacaseconcernasteelworks）;fifth,trainingintheartoftranslationitself. It'sclearthatit'snoteasytofindsuchacombinationofskills,especiallyastheyarenotacquiredquickly--eitherontheirownorcollectively.

Allthisreflectstheuniquenatureoflegallanguage. 

Asthenotedlanguageauthority,DavidCrystalputsit:

"Legallanguageshareswithscienceaconcernforcoherenceandprecision;anditshareswithreligionarespectforritualandhistoricaltradition"

"Legallanguagehasalwaysbeenpulledindifferentdirections.Itsstatementshavetobesophrasedthatwecanseethegeneralapplicability,yetbespecificenoughtoapplytoindividualcircumstances.Theyhavetobestableenoughtostandthetestoftime,sothatcaseswillbetreatedconsistentlyandfairly,yetflexibleenoughtoadapttonewsocialsituations.Aboveall,theyhavetobeexpressedinsuchawaythatpeoplecanbecertainabouttheintentionofthelawrespectingtheirrightsandduties.Noothervarietyoflanguagehastocarrysucharesponsibility.'

WhenreferringtolegalEnglish,hestates:

"LegalEnglishhasseveralsubvarieties,reflectingitsdifferentroles.Forexample,thereisthelanguageoflegaldocuments,suchascontracts,deeds,insurancepolicies,willsandmanykindsofregulation.Thereisthelanguageofworksoflegalreference,withthecomplexapparatusoffootnotesandindexing.Thereisthelanguageofcaselaw,madeoutofthespokenorwrittendecisionswhichjudgesmakeaboutindividualcases.Thereisthespokenlanguageofthecourtroom,withtheritualcourtesiesofjudges,counselandcourtofficialsandconstraintsgoverningwhatcountsasevidenceandwhatmayormaynotbesaid.Legallanguageisuniqueinthewayutterancesaresubjecttosanctions,suchasafineorimprisonmentforlinguisticcontemptofcourt.

AfundamentaldistinctionseparatesthelanguageoftheLegislatureχwhichinstitutesalegaltextandthelanguageofthejudiciarywhichinterpretsandappliesthattext.Apivotalroleisplayedbysetofconstitutionalstatementsstatutes（Acts）,andotherdocumentswhichcomefromtheLegislature.Inthesecases,thewords,literallyarelaw."（CoL）

Wedolegaltranslationwell!

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Lexis:

1.Words,vocabulary.

2.Thetotalstockofwordsinalanguage.（OED）

LiaisonInterpreting:

Agenericnameforbusinessinterpreting;alsojustinterpretingfortradeconventionsandothergeneralbusinesssituations.Usuallyreferstotheactivitiesofasingleinterpreterwhoaccompaniesanindividualordelegationaround.

Localization:

Localizationinvolvestakingaproductandmakingitlinguisticallyan