普通生态学考试题习题库201X.docx

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普通生态学考试题习题库201X

《普通生态学》

一、Pleaseexplainthefollowingterms(3pointseach,18pointstotally).

(1)Introduction

Ecology

habitat

(2)autoecology

niche(生态位)

fundamentalniche(基础生态位)

competitiveexlusionprinciple(竞争排斥原理)

fitness(适合度)

environment(环境)

Liebig’slawofminimum(利比希最小因子定律)

Shelford’slawoftolerance(谢尔福德的“耐受性定律”)

ecologicalvalenceoramplitude(生态价、生态幅、耐性限度)

lawoflimitingfactor(限制因子定律)

VantHoff’slaw(范霍夫定律或Q10定律)

developmentalthresholdtemperature(发育起点温度)

lawofeffectivetemperature(有效积温法则)

(3)populationecology

Population(种群)

ecologicalinvasion(生态入侵)

innatecapacityofincrease(orintrinsicrateofincrease)[内禀增长率]

densitydependence(密度制约)

densityindependence(非密度制约)

agestructure(年龄椎体或年龄金字塔)

Survivorshipcurve(存活曲线)

ecologicalnatality(生态出生率)

ecologicalmortality(生态死亡率)

maximumnatality(最大出生率)

minimummortality(最低死亡率)

ecologicalstrategy(生态对策)

(4)communityecology

pioneerspecies(先锋物种)

climax(顶级群落)

bioticcommunity(生物群落)

communitysuccession(群落演替)

growthform(生长型)

lifeform(生活型)

ectone(群落交错区):

edgeeffect(边缘效应):

speciesdiversity(物种多样性):

dominantspecies(优势种)

functionalgroup(guild)(同资源种团或功能团):

(5)ecosystem

biomass(生物量)

primaryproduction(初级生产)

biogeochemicalcycle(生物地化循环)

ecosystem(生态系统):

biosphere(生物圈):

ecologicalpyramid(生态椎体或生态金字塔)

foodchain(食物链)

foodweb(食物网)

trophiclevel(营养级)

Ⅱ.PuttheappropriateecologicaltermsintotheBlankinordertomakethesentencemeaningful.[填空题]

(1)introduction

Humanbeingareconfrontedwiththefivecrisissuchas,food,,,environment.

Dividedbytheorganizationlevels,theecologyincludemolecularecology,autoecology,

ecology,ecology,ecology,ecology,globalecology.

Dividedbythehabitat,ecologyincludeterrestrialecology,ecology,estuaryecology,

ecology,etc.

Dividedbytheorganisms,ecologyincludeecology,ecology,andmicroorganismecology.

Classicecologyincludeautoecology,,,,andecosystemecology.

(2)autoecology

Thewaysoftolerancetoextremelylowtemperatureare,,

.

Thespatialdistributionpatternsofapopulation(种群的空间分布格局)includeevendistribution(均匀分布),distribution,anddistribution.

(3)populationecology

Thetypesofnaturalselectioninclude,directionalselection,.

Thedrivesofevolutionincludeand.

Theself-regulationschoolsinclude,,and.

Theprocessesofspeciationare,,and.Thethreewaysofspeciationare,,.

Accordingtotheshapeofagepyramid,itcanbeclassifiedintothreetypes,thatis,

,and.

Theinter-specificrelationshipbetweenlionanddeeris.Theinteractionbetweenpenicillinandbacteriumis.Walnutquinonesecretedbywalnutcaninhibitthegrowthofitssurroundingplants,sotherelationshipbetweenwalnutanditssurroundingplantsbelongsto.

(4)communityecology

Thethreemodeltoexplainthesuccessionmechanisminclude,,

.

(5)ecosystemecology

Thefunctionofecosysteminclude,,.

Theretypesofbiogeochemicalcyclesare,,.

Thetwomaintypesoffoodchainsareand.

,andarethethreefunctionalgroupsthatconsistofecosystem.

Themaximalecosysteminglobeis.

Thefigurebelowisasimplifiedsketchmap(示意图)offoodweb(食物网)ingrasslandecosystem,pleasegivetheanswerforthesixquestionsbelowaccordingtothissketchmap.

(1)Thenumberoffoodchain(食物链)inthisfoodwebis.

(2)Thenumberoftrophiclevel(营养级)ofhawkis.

(3)Theinter-specificrelationshipbetweenhawkandfoxis.

(4)Thelifeform(生物)withthehighestenergyamongthecomponentsofthisecosystemis.Theenergywereultimatelytransferredtohawk,theefficientfoodchainis             .

(5)IfweuseDDTtocontrolthepestinsect(害虫)thatdoharmtograsses,thenwecaninferthatthelifeformwiththehighestconcentration(浓度)ofDDTis_______.

(6)Ifthehawk,snake,andfoxarelargelyhuntedintheshortterm,thelifeformwillbeseriouslynegativelyinfluencedis.

15.种间关系包括(举例说明是什么关系)

16.他感、异种抑制、抗生

17.趋同进化等

18.生态型、生活型(举例)

19.演替

ⅢTrueorfalse.[是非题]

(1)introduction

()32.Populationecology,communityecology,ecosystemecology,andlandscapeecologyallbelongtoresearchcontentoftheclassicecology.

()35.Molecularecologybelongstotheresearchdomainofclassicecology.

()36.Modernecologyincludemolecularecology,globalecology,andclassicecology.

(2)autoecology

()4.Solarradiationisaconditionforaninsect,butaresourceforaplant.

()4.Wateristheresourceforoneplantatanytime.

()17.Foranyorganism,thevalueofincreaseinheartbeatfrequency(心跳次数)bya10℃riseintemperatureistwotothree.

()22.Iftheecologicalnicheoftwospeciesarethesame,itissurethatonespeciesamongthetwospeciesdestined(注定)togotoextinction(灭绝).

()21.OrganismsintheTropicalZone(热带)areabletotolerate(耐受

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