化学专业英语复习资料.docx

化学专业英语复习资料.docx

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化学专业英语复习资料

NamingInorganicCompounds

Introduction：

1.10millionknownchemicalsubstances.Needtoestablishasetofrulesleadingtoinformative,systematicnameforeachsubstance.2.Nomenclature:

basicrulesfornamingsimplecompounds（organiccompounds,inorganiccompounds）

Contentsofcurrentsection：

1.Preparatorymaterials（namesofcommonelementsintheperiodictable）；2.Ioniccompounds（cations,anions,compounds）；3.Acids；4.Molecularcompounds

CommonElements：

Ac-Actinium锕,Ag-Silver,Al-Aluminum,Ar-Argon,As-Arsenic,Au-Gold,B-Boron,Ba-Barium,Be-Beryllium,Bi-Bismuth,Br-Bromine,C-Carbon,Ca-Calcium,Cd-Cadmium,Ce-Cerium铈,Cl-Chlorine,Co-Cobalt,Cr-Chromium,Cs-Cesium铯,Cu-Copper,F-Fluorine,Fe-Iron,Ga-Gallium镓,Ge-Germanium锗,H-Hydrogen,He-Helium,Hg-Mercury,I-Iodine,In-Indium,Ir-Iridium铱,K-Potassium,Kr-Krypton,La-Lanthanum镧,Li-Lithium,Mg-Magnesium,Mn-Manganese,Mo-Molybdenum钼,N-Nitrogen,Na-Sodium,Nb-Niobium铌,Nd-Neodymium钕,Ne-Neon,Ni-Nickel,O-Oxygen,Os-Osmium锇,P-Phosphorus,Pb-Lead,Pd-Palladium钯,Po-Polonium钋,Pt-Platinum,Pu-Plutonium钚,Ra-Radium,Rb-Rubidium铷,Re-Rhenium铼,Rn-Radon氡,Ru-Ruthenium钌,S-Sulfur,Sb-Antimony锑,Sc-Scandium钪,Se-Selenium硒,Si-Silicon,Sm-Samarium钐,Sn-Tin,Sr-Strontium锶,Ta-Tantalum钽,Te-Tellurium,Ti-Titanium,Tl-Thallium,U-Uranium,V-Vanadium钒，W-Tungsten,Xe-Xenon,Y-Yttrium钇,Zn-Zinc,Zr-Zirconium锆

Ioniccompounds

Generalrule:

Thenamesofioniccompoundsarebasedonthenamesoftheionsofwhichtheyarecomposed.Thepositiveion（cation）isalwaysnamedfirstandlistedfirstinwritingtheformulaforthecompound.Thenegativeion（anion）isnamedandwrittenlast.

Eg.：

NaCl（sodiumchloride）

Namingcations

Monatomicions（takethenameoftheelementitself）

Zn2+（zincion）,Al3+（aluminumion）

Note:

foranelement（especiallytransitionmetals）withmorethan1positiveion,thepositivechargeoftheionisindicatedbyaRomannumeralinparenthesesfollowingthenameofthemetal:

Fe2+---iron（II）ion,Cu+---copper（I）ion

Ifunsure,usetheRomannumeraldesignationofchargesaspartofthename.

Namingcations

Note:

Awidelyusedoldermethodtodistinguishbetweentwodifferentlychargedionsofametalistoapplytheending–ousforthelowerchargedionsor-icforthehigherchargedions,respectively.TheyareaddedtotherootoftheLatinnameoftheelement.

Eg.：

Fe2+（ferrousion）,Cu+（cuprousion）

Fe3+（ferricions）,Cu2+（cupricion）

Namingcations

Polyatomiccations:

Groupsofatomswithapositivecharge.

NH4+---ammoniumionHg22+---mercury（I）ionormercurousion

Note:

Hg2+---mercury（II）ion,ormercuricion

Commonions：

Cations:

ammonium,cesium,copper（I）orcuprous,hydrogen,lithium,potassium,silver,sodium.（+1ions）;barium,cadmium,calcium,cobalt（II）orcobaltous,copper（II）orcupric,iron（II）orferrous,lead（II）orplumbous,magnesium,manganese（II）ormanganous,mercury（I）ormercurous,mercury（II）ormercuric,nickel,strontium,tin（II）orstannous,zinc.（2+ions）;aluminum,chromium（III）orchromic,iron（III）orferric.（3+ions）

Naminganions

Monatomicanions（namedbydroppingtheendingofthenameoftheelementandaddingtheending-ide）:

Naminganions

Polyatomicanions

Note:

onlyafewpolyatomicanionsendin-ide:

OH-hydroxideion,CN-cyanideionO22-peroxideion,N3-azideion

Naminganions

Oxyanions（polyatomicandoxygen-containing）:

whenanelementformstwooxyanions,thenameoftheonecontainingmoreoxygenendsin-ate;thenameoftheonewithlessoxygenendsin-ite:

Eg.：

NO2-nitriteion,SO32-sulfiteion,NO3-nitrateion,SO42-sulfateion

Naminganions

Note:

whentheseriesofanionsofagivenelementextendstothreeorfourmembers,prefixesarealsoemployed.Theprefixhypo-indicateslessoxygen,andper-moreoxygen:

Eg:

ClO-hypochloriteion,ClO2-chloriteionClO3-chlorateion,ClO4-perchlorateionchlor---rootofchlorine

Naminganions

Practice:

selenateion（?

）;seleniteion（?

）perbromate（?

）,hypobromite（?

）

Note:

exceptionstorules:

permanganateionisMnO4-,manganateionisMnO42-.ferrate-（orperferrate）FeO4-，chromateCrO42-,dichromateCr2O72-

Naminganions

Polyatomicanionswithhydrogenions

Theseionsarenamedbyprefixingthewordhydrogenordihydrogen,asappropriate,tothenameofthehydrogen-freeanion.Alternativewayistousetheprefixbi-:

Eg.：

HCO3-hydrogencarbonate（orbicarbonate）ion;HSO4-hydrogensulfate（orbisulfate）ion;H2PO4-dihydrogenphosphateion

Commonions

Anions:

acetate,azide,bromide,chlorate,chloride,cyanide,dihydrogenphosphate,fluoride,hydride,hydrogencarbonateorbicarbonate,hydrogensulfateorbisulfate,hydroxide,iodide,nitrate,nitrite,perchlorate,permanganate,thiocyanate,cyanate.（1-ions）;carbonate,chromate,dichromate,ferrate,hydrogenphosphate,oxide,peroxide,sulfate,sulfide,sulfite,thiosulfate.（2-ions）;nitride,phosphate,phosphide.（3-ions）.

Namingioniccompounds

Writetheformulasforioniccompoundsbycombiningthenamesofcationsandanions:

bariumbromide-BaBr2

copper（II）nitrateorcupricnitrate-Cu（NO3）2

aluminumoxide-Al2O3

mercury（I）chlorideormercurouschloride

Hg2Cl2

ferricoxide,Fe2O3

Practice:

Namethefollowingcompounds:

（a）K2SO4；（b）Ba（OH）2；（c）FeCl3（d）NH4Cl；（e）Cr2O3；（f）Co（NO3）2

Writethechemicalformulasforthefollowingcompounds:

（a）calciumcarbonate;（b）sodiumfluoride;（c）iron（II）perchlorate;（d）magnesiumsulfate;（e）silversulfide;（f）leadnitrate.

NamingAcids

Anacidhereisdefinedasasubstancewhosemoleculesyieldhydrogenions（H+）whendissolvedinwater.

Rule:

Thenameofannon-oxyacidisrelatedtothenameoftheanion.Anionswiththeending-ideassociatewithacidshavinghydro-prefixandan-icending:

Eg:

Chloride（Cl-）tohydrochloricacid（HCl）sulfide（S2-）tohydrosulfuricacid（H2S）

Note:

onlywatersolutionofHCliscalledhydrochloricacid,thepurecompoundiscalledhydrogenchloride.

Namingtheacids

Foracidsderivedfromoxyanions（oxyacids）

Rule:

Iftheanionhasan–ate（-ite）ending,thecorrespondingacidisgivenan–ic（-ous）ending.Prefixesareretained:

Namingtheacids

Exercises

Namethefollowingacids:

（a）HCN,HSCN;（b）HNO3,HNO2（c）H2SO4（d）H2SO3

Givethechemicalformulasfor

（a）hydrobromicacid;（b）phosphoricacid.

Namingmolecularcompounds

Rule:

Theproceduresfornamingbinary（two-element）molecularcompoundsaresimilartothosefornamingioniccompounds.Theelementwiththepositivenatureisnamedfirstandalsoappearsfirstinthechemicalformula.Thesecondelementisnamedwithan–ideending.

Eg.:

HClhydrogenchloride

Namingmolecularcompounds

Prefixesareusedindifferentiatingseveralbinarycompoundsformedbetweennonmetals.

Eg:

CO-carbonmonoxideCO2-carbondioxide

MeaningoftheGreekprefixes:

mono-

（1）;di-

（2）;tri-（3）;tetra-（4）;penta-（5）;hexa-（6）;hepta-（7）;octa-（8）;nona-（9）;deca-（10）

Namingmolecularcompounds

Note:

whentheprefixendsinaoroandthenameoftheanionbeginswithavowel（suchasoxide）,theaoroisoftendropped.Theprefixmono-isusuallyomittedforthefirst-namedelement.

Eg.:

Cl2O-dichlorinemonoxide;NF3-nitrogentrifluoride;N2O4-dinitrogentetroxide;P4S10-tetraphosphorusdecasulfide;

Exercises

Namethefollowingcompounds:

（a）SO2;（b）PCl5;（c）N2O3

Givethechemicalformulafor（a）silicontetrabromide（b）disulfurdichloride

ExercisesforReview

Sodiumfluoride,magnesiumbromide,hydrogeniodide,sodiumazide,calciumphosphide,copper（I）chloride,potassiumazide,manganese（IV）oxide

K2SO3,Ca（MnO4）2,Ba3（PO4）2,H3PO4,H2SO4,HNO3,ZnO,BaO2,FeO,CuSO4•5H2O,Mn3（PO4）2

Metaphosphoricacid,phosphoricacid,hypophosphorousacid,phosphorousacid,（hypo）phosphite,（meta）phosphate

ammoniumacetate,perbromicacid,potassiumnitrite,sodiumperoxide,ammoniumdichromate,sodiumcarbonate,silvernitrate,aluminumacetate,hydrosulfuricacid,sulfurousacid,perferricacid,perferrateion,hypoioditeion,iodicacid,chlorousacid,hydrochloricacid

B2O3,SiO2,PCl3,SiCl4,BrF3,IBr,N2S5,PCl3,SiS,S4N2

Exercise:

learningforuse

Whenammoniumthiocyanateandbariumhydroxideoctahydratearemixedatroomtemperature,anendothermicreactionoccurs.（writethechemicalequation）.Asaresultofthisreaction,thetemperatureofthesystemdropsfromabout20°Cto-9°C.

Thereactionofpowderedaluminumwithferricoxide（knownasthethermitereaction）ishighlyexothermic.Oncestarted,thereactionproceedsvigorouslytoformaluminumoxideandmolteniron.（writethechemicalequation）

NomenclatureforOrganicCompoundsandGroups

WhyDoWeNeedaSeparateSetofRules?

Examinesometypicalorganiccompounds（Nametheseusingtypicalcovalentrules）

CH4:

CarbontetrahydrideC2H6:

Dicarbonhexahydride

Thatwasn’tsobad,right?

Howaboutthese:

C4H10:

TetracarbondecahydrideC5H12:

Pentacarbonhydride

Seemypoint?

Memorizingtoomanyprefixesforlargenumbers

Isomers：

Ifthat’snotenough,howaboutthisone:

Rules

•Identifythelongestunbranchedchainofcarbons

•Nameitasnormal

•Identifythebranch

•Nameitbutgiveita“–yl”suffix

•Putthenamesofallbranchesfirst,thenputnameoflongestchain

•Putthenumberofthecarbonthebranchison（startnumberingfromtheclosestsingleend）

Nomenclatureforsaturatedhydrocarbons

a.Alkanes（CnH2n+2烷烃）---+ane

forn<=4：

methane（甲烷）,ethane（乙烷）,propane（丙烷）,butane（丁烷）.

Alkane

forn>4,fornormalalkanes

AGreekprefix+anesuffix（if“-aa-”,dropone“a”）

5pent（a）-,6hex（a）-,7hept（a）-,8oct（a）-,9non（a）-,10dec（a）-,11undec（a）-,12dodec（a）-,13tridec（a）-,14tetradec（a）-,15pentadec（a）-16hexadec（a）-,17heptadec（a）,18octadec（a）-,19nonadec（a）-,20eicos（a）-,22docos（a）-,24tetracos（a）-,30triac