跨文化交际 主要内容.docx

跨文化交际 主要内容.docx

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跨文化交际主要内容

Chapter1

WhystudyInterculturalcommunications?

Fourtrendsofthemodernworldmakeinterculturalcommunicationinevitable:

1.Technologicaldevelopment

2.Globalizationoftheeconomy

3.Widespreadpopulationmigrations

4.Developmentofmulticulturalism

Onlythroughtheunderstandingofinterculturalcommunicationcanpeopledevelopaglobalmind-setintheglobalvillagethatisourworldtodayandlivemoreharmoniouslywithoneanother.

Thefieldofinterculturalcommunicationhasdevelopedboththeoreticalandappliedperspectives.

1.Theoretically,thestudyfocusesonmoreorlesspurposiveinteractionbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturesanddifferentracialandethnicgroups.

2.Practically,interculturalcommunicationisappliedindifferentkindsofinterculturalandinterethnictrainingprogramstohelppeopleofdifferentbackgroundsunderstandandaccepteachotherinacademic,business,government,andothersettings.

Chapter2

TherelationshipbetweenCultureandCommunication:

Cultureandcommunicationactoneachother.Asthecarrierofculture,commnunicationinfluencesthestructureofaculture,andcultureisnecessarilymanifestedinourcommunicationpatterrnsbyteachingushowweshouldtalkandbehave.

Communication:

Communicationisdefinedasaninterdeterminingprocessinwhichwedevelopamutuallydependentrelationshipbyexchangingsymbols.

Communicationhasfourcharacteristics:

（1）Communicationasaholisticphenomenon

（2）Communicaitonasasocialreality

（3）Communicaitonasadevelopmentalprocess

（4）Communicationasanorderlyprocess

Culture:

Cultureisdefinedasanegotiatedsetofsharedsymbolicsystemsthatguideindividuals’behaviorsandinclinethemtofunctionasagroup.

Culturehasfourcharacteristics:

（1）Cultureisholistic

（2）Cultureislearned

（3）Cultureisdynamic

（4）Cultureispervasive

Culturehastwofunctions:

（1）Itprovidesacontextinwhichthreeaspectsofhumansocietyareembedded:

linguistic,physical,psychological.

（2）Itfunctionstoprovidethestructure,stability,andsecuritythatarerequiredforthegroupanditsmemberstomaintainthemselvesasahealthysystem.

Interculturalcommunication:

Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationamongpeoplefromtwoormorecultures.

Successfulinterculturalcommunicationisbasedonthepositivefeelingandbeliefswebringtotheinterculturalencounterandonthebehavioralskillswepossess.

Threeformsofinterculturalcommunicationbasedontheinteractants’intentions:

Self-centereddialogue,Dominantdialogue,Equaldialogue.

Chapter3

Perception:

Perceptionisaprocessbywhichweturnexternalstimuliintomeaningfulexperiences.

Theprocessofperceptionincludesthreestages:

Selection,Organization,Interpretaion.Becauseperceptionisselective,wecanonlypartiallyperceivethethingsthatsurroundus,itusuallyfollowsthreesteps:

Selectiveexposure,Selectiveattention,Selectiveretention.Organizationreferstothewaywearrangewhatweperceiveintomeaningfulpatterns,basedontheirshape,color,texture,size,andintensity.Interpretationistheprocesswherebyweassignmeaningstowhatweperceive.

Culturehasamajorimpactontheperceptionprocess:

Itnotonlyprovidesthefoundationforthemeaningsweassigntoourperceptions,italsodetermineshowwechoosetoexposeourselvestoanddirectourattentiontowardspecifickindsofmessagesandevents.

Theinfluenceofcultureonperceptionisoftenreflectedintheattributionalprocess.

Attributioninvolvesinterpretingthemeaningofothers’behaviorsbasedonourpastexperienceorhistory.Cultureprovidesanenvironmentthatallowsustodevelopallthemeaningswepossess.Thus,peoplefromdifferentcultureswillperceiveandinterpretothers’behaviorsindifferentways.

Thesubjectivenatureoftheperceptualframeworkarisingfromourcultureindicatesthatourperceptionisoftenpartialandinaccurate.Theinsufficiencymanifestsasstereotyping,prejudice,anddiscrimination.

Stereotypesarethoseovergeneralizedandoversimplifiedbeliefsweusetocategorizeagroupofpeople.

Prejudiceisaregidattitudebasedonerroneousbeliefsorpreconceptions.

Discriminationistheactingoutofprejudicialattitudes.

Stereotypesanprejudicedonotsuddenlyappearwhenweareborn,theyaregraduallydevelopedfromtheprocessoflearningandsocialization,andfromexposuretomassmediaimages.Tosolvetheproblemsofstereotypesandprejudicethemostimportantcommunicationskillweshouldlearnisempathy.

Values:

Avaluecanbedefinedasaconception,explicitorimplicit,distinctiveofanindividualorcharacteristicofagroup,ofthedesirablewhichinfluencestheselectionfromavailablemodes,means,andendsofaction.Valuesareguidingforcesofhumanbehavior.

Culturevalueorientationistheconceptusedtostudytherelationshipbetweenculturalvaluesandcommunicationsbehaviors,itreferstothemeanssocietyusestosolvetheuniversalproblemsofdailylife.

Powerdistancespecifiestowhatextentacultureadaptstoinequalitiesofpowerdistributioninrelationshipsandorganizations.

High-power-distanceculturetendtoorienttoauthoritarianism,whichdictatesahierarchicalorverticalstructureofsocialrelationships.

Low-power-distanceculturesaremorehorizontalintermsofsocialrelationships.

Chapter4

Linguisticsisthescientificstudyofhumanlanguage.Itconsistsoffiveareasofstudy:

Morphology,Phonology,Syntax,Semantics,Pragmatics.Semanticsandpragmaticsdirectlyaffecttheprocessofinterculturalcommunication.

Humanlanguagehasfourcharacteristics:

（1）It’ssymbolic;

（2）It’srule-governed;（3）It’ssubjective;（4）Itoftenshowschangeandvariation.

Languageisabridgepeoplecanusetolearnorunderstandculturalvalues,andit’snecessarytocomprehendculturalvaluestoacquirethelanguageusedtoportraythem.Inotherwords,tobecompetentininterculturalcommunicationweneedtobeawareofboththeculturalvaluesandthelanguageexpressionsofourculturalcounterparts.

Chapter5

Verbalandnonverbalcommunicationformthetwomaincontextsofhumancommunication.

Nonverbalcommunicationisdifferentfromverbalcommunicationinfiverespects:

1.It’snotconsciouslycontrollable

2.Itcanindicatemultipleeventssimultaneously

3.Itcanbeusedasaninterculturalorinternationallanguage

4.It’slearnedearlierinourlife.

5.It’smoreemotionalinexpression

Fivefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication:

repetition,replacement,emphasis,contradiction,regulation.

Characteristicsofnonverbalcommunication:

Nonverbalcommunicationislesssystemizedandmoreculturallybound,anditsmeaningsarealwaysambiguous.

Thestructureofnonverbalcommunicationiscomprisedoffourareasofstudy:

1.Kinesicsisthestudyofbodymovementssuchasfacialexpressions,eyecontact,handgestures,andtouch.

2.Proxemicsisthestudyofhowhumanbeingsandanimalsusespaceincommunication.

3.Paralanguagereferstohowweusevoicedimensions:

voicequality,vocalcharacterizers,vocalqualifiers,andvocalsegregates.

4.Chronemicsisthestudyofhowweperceivetheconceptoftimeandhowthataffectsourcommunication.

Nonverbalcommunicationandculturearecloselyinterrelatedintwoways:

First,ournonverbalbehaviorsaredictatedbyourculture;

Second,culturedetermineswhenit’sappropriatetimeforustodisplaynonverbalbehaviors.

WecanimproveourinterculturalskillsinnonverbalcommunicationbyfollowingRicard’sfive-stepmodelforthedevelopmentofnonverbalskills:

1.Assessourlearningneeds

2.Observesimilarsituations

3.Useappropriateresources

4.Reachtentativeconclusions

5.Reevaluateourconclusionsasnecessary.

Chapter6

Wedeveloprelationshipstomeetthesocialneedsofinclusion,control,andaffection.

Humanrelationshiphasfivecharacteristics:

1.It’sdynamic

2.It’shierarchical

3.It’sreciprocal

4.It’sunique

5.It’sinterdependentandirreplaceable

Theoriesofrelationshipdevelopment:

1.SocialExchangeTheory:

Socialinteractionrelationshipinitiatesaftermeasuringthedifferencebetweenrewardandcosts.

2.SocialPenetrationTheory:

Thedevelopmentofhumanrelationshipsisdeterminedbytheinformationwedisclosetoourpartner.

3.UncertaintyReductionTheory:

Thistheorypositsthatinterpersonalrelationshipsdevelopandprogresswhenweareabletoreduceouruncertaintyabouteachother.

4.CommunicationAccommodationTheory:

Itcombinespropositionsfromspeechaccommodationtheoryandethnolinguisticidentitytheorytoexaminethecommunicativemovesinteractantsmakeinsocialandpsychologicalcontextsandhowit’srelatedtopersonalcharacteristics.

Yum’sfivecategoriesofrelationshipareusedtoillustratetheimpactofculutralvariabilityonrelationshipdevelopment.Thefivecategoriesareparticularism/universalism,long-term/short-term,ingroup/outgroup,formal/informal,andpersonal/publicrelationships.Theinluenceofculturalvaluedifferencesarealsodiscussedfromthefollowingperspectives:

verbal/nonverbaldifferences,backgroundandattitudeinformation,andthedegreeofself-disclosure.

Third-Culture-Building:

fivephasesofthird-culturebuildingareexplicated:

intrapersonalintraculturalcommunication,interpersonalinterculturalcommunication,rhetoricalinterculturalcommunication,metaculturalcommunication,andintraculturalcommmunication.

Chapter7

Conflictsareinevitableintheprocessofinterculturalcommunication.Tohaveunpleasantfeelingsduringconflictisuniversal.Conflictscanbeconsideredasseveallevels:

intrapersonalconflict,interpers