英语阅读与写作9.docx

英语阅读与写作9.docx

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英语阅读与写作9

英语阅读与写作试卷A

（120分钟）

姓名学号院系专业

Part1Translation（30%）

SectionA

Directions:

TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromEnglishtoChinese.（10%）

1.Askpeoplehowtheyare,andtheywillanswerintermsoftheirfamilylife,communitylifeandworklife,ratherthanjustwhattheyarepaid.

2.Asaresult,thescientificstudiesoftheeraoftenfailedtofindclearevidenceofseriouspathologyandhadtheperverseeffectofexoneratingthecigarette.

3.Thereislittlepointindenyingtheobviousdarksidetothelackofself-constraintsencouragedbye-mail.

4.Itishardtoescapethefactthatindevelopedsocieties,despiteprogress,innovationandprosperity,thereissomethingnotquiteright.

5.Inthe1980s,scientistsestablishedtherevolutionaryconceptthatnicotineisextremelyaddictive.

SectionB

Directions:

TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromChinesetoEnglish.（10%）

1.尽管有这些困难，他们还是决定把接受教育放在首位。

2.我邀请的客人大部分在最后期限之后才回信，让我很是烦恼。

3.他还描述了这些公司在半个多世纪以来，一直合谋炮制假消息，同时混淆科学证据，散布这种论调。

4.归根结底，全社会的幸福需要每个人都尽一份力。

5.今天，为了重新回到社会繁荣富强的轨道上我们需要如同当时一样彻底改变思想，即积极地响应对幸福的追求。

SectionC

Directions:

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishtoChinese.（5%）

E-mail.Can’tlivewithit,can’tlivewithoutit.Conartistsandrealartists,advertisersandfreedomfighters,loversandswornenemies---they’veallflockedtoe-mailastheywouldtoanynewmediumofexpression.E-mailisconvenient,savetime,bringsusclosertooneanother,helpusmanageourever-morecomplexlives.

SectionD

Directions:

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromChinesetoEnglish.（5%）

各个年龄的人都能克服他们的问题，可他们需要一个这样做的理由。

年轻人往往不够成熟，不会像我的成人学生那样重视教育。

但是对于失败的恐惧，无论这种恐惧是由经济方面的还是学术方面的，都能对年轻人起到激励作用。

Part2ReadingComprehension（50%）

SectionA

Fastreading（10%）

Directions:

Gooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestions.

AreyouaCokeorPepsidrinker?

DoyoupullintoMcDonald'sgoldenarchesorpreferto"haveityourway"atBurgerKing?

Whenitcomestotoothpaste,whichflavorgetsyoubrushing,ColgateorCrest?

Ifyouthinkit'sjustyourtastebudsthatguidethesepreferences,youmaybesurprisedbywhatneuroscientistsarediscoveringwhentheypeerinsidethebrainasitmakeseverydaychoiceslikethese.

Don'tworry--noone'sscanningyourheadasyoustandinfrontofthebeverageaisleorsitinlineatthedrive-through.Instead,brainscientistsareaskingvolunteerstoponderpurchasingchoiceswhilelyinginsidehigh-techbrainscanners.Theresultingreal-timeimagesindicatewhereandhowthebrainanalyzesoptions,weighsrisksandrewards,factorsinexperiencesandemotionsandultimatelysetsapreference."Wecanusebrainimagingtogaininsightintothemechanismsbehindpeople'sdecisionsinawaythatisoftendifficulttogetatsimplybyaskingapersonorwatchingtheirbehavior,"saysDr.GregoryBerns,apsychiatristatEmoryUniversity.

Toscientists,it'sallpartofthelargerquestionofhowthehumanbrainmakesdecisions.ButtheanswersmaybeinvaluabletoBigBusiness,whichplowedanestimated$8billionin2006intomarketresearchinanefforttopredict--andsway--howwewouldspendourmoney.Inthepast,marketersreliedonrelativelycrudemeasuresofwhatgotusbuying:

focus-groupquestionnairesandmeasurementsofeyemovementsandperspirationpatterns（themoreexcitedyougetaboutsomething,themoreyoutendtosweat）.Nowresearcherscangostraighttothedeciderinchief--thebrainitself,openingthedoortoacontroversialnewfielddubbedneuromarketing.

Fornow,mostoftheresearchispurelyacademic,althoughevenbrainexpertsanticipatethatit'sjustamatteroftimebeforetheirfindingsbecomearoutinepartofanysmartcorporation'smarketingplans.Somelessons,particularlyabouthowthebraininterpretsbrandnames,arealreadyenticingadvertisers.Take,forexample,theclassictastetest.P.ReadMontagueofBaylorCollegeofMedicineperformedhisversionofthePepsiChallengeinsideafunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging（fMRI）machinein2004.Montaguegave67peopleablindtastetestofbothCokeandPepsi,thenplacedhissubjectsinthescanner,whosemagneticfieldmeasureshowactivecellsarebyrecordinghowmuchoxygentheyconsumeforenergy.Aftertastingeachdrink,allthevolunteersshowedstrongactivationoftherewardareasofthebrain--whichareassociatedwithpleasureandsatisfaction--andtheywerealmostevenlysplitintheirpreferencesforthetwobrands.ButwhenMontaguerepeatedthetestandtoldthemwhattheyweredrinking,threeoutoffourpeoplesaidtheypreferredCoke,andtheirbrainsshowedwhy:

notonlyweretherewardsystemsactive,butmemoryregionsinthemedialprefrontalcortexandhippocampusalsolitup."Thisshowedthatthebrandalonehasvalueinthebrainsystemaboveandbeyondthedesireforthecontentofthecan,"saysMontague.Inotherwords,allthosehappy,energeticandglamorouspeopledrinkingCokeincommercialsdidexactlywhattheyweresupposedtodo:

seepedintothebrainandleftassociationssopowerfultheycouldevenoverrideapreferenceforthetasteofPepsi.

StanfordneuroscientistBrianKnutsonhaszeroedinonamoreprimitiveaspectofmakingchoices."Wecomeequippedtoassesspotentiallygoodthingsandpotentiallybadthings,"hesays."Thereshouldbestuffinyourbrainthatpromotesyoursurvival,whetheryouhavelearnedthosethingsornot--suchasbeingscaredofthedarkortheunknown."Knutsoncallstheseanticipatoryemotions,andhebelievesthatevenbeforethecognitiveareasofthebrainarebroughtintoassessoptions,thesemoreintuitiveandemotionalregionsarealreadyprimingthedecision-makingprocessandcanforeshadowtheoutcome.Suchprimitivetriggersalmostcertainlyaffordedsurvivaladvantagestoourancestorswhentheydecidedwhichplantstopickorwhichcavestoenter,butKnutsonsurmisesthatvestigesofthissystemareatworkaswemakemoremundanechoicesatthemall.There,it'sthematchbetweenthevalueofaproductanditspricethattriggersananticipationofpleasureorpain.

Totesthistheory,Knutsonandhisteamdevisedawaytomimicthesesameintuitivereactionsinthelab.Hegavesubjects$20eachand,whiletheywereinthefMRImachine,presentedthemwithpicturesof80products,eachfollowedbyaprice.Subjectsthenhadtheoptionofpurchasingeachitemondisplay.Astheyviewedproductstheypreferred,Knutsonsawactivityinthenucleusaccumbens,aregionofthebraininvolvedinanticipatingpleasantoutcomes.If,ontheotherhand,thesubjectsthoughtthepriceoftheseitemswastoohigh,therewasincreasedactivityintheinsula---anareainvolvedinanticipatingpain."Theideaisthatifyoucanlookintopeople'sbrainsrightbeforetheymakecertaindecisions,youcangetahandleonthesetwofeelingsanddoabetterjobofpredictingwhattheyareabouttodo,"Knutsonsays."Ibelieveanticipatoryemotionsnotonlybiasbutdrivedecisionmaking."

Allofthis,ofcourse,iswhirringalongatthebrain'ssplit-secondpace,andasimagingtechnologyimproves,Knutsonishopefulthatheandotherswillbeabletoseeinevenmoredetailthecircuitsinthebrainactivatedduringadecision.Already,accordingtoMontague,theseimageshaverevealedsurprisingthingsabouthowthebrainparesdownthedecision-makingprocessbysettingupshortcutstomakeitsanalysismoreefficient.Tosavetime,thebraindoesn'trunthroughthelaundrylistofrisks,benefitsandvaluejudgmentseachtime.Wheneveritcan,itreliesonatypeof"quickkey"thattakesadvantageofexperiencesandstoredinformation.That'swherethingslikebrands,familiarityandtrustcomein--they'reashortcutforknowingwhattoexpect."Yourunfromthedevilyouknow,"saysMontague."Andyouruntothebrandthatyouknow,becausetositthereanddeliberatechewsuptime,andthatmakesyoulessefficientthanthenextguy."

That'scertainlymusictoadvertisers'ears,but,warnneuroscientists,it'sunlikelythatourpurchasingbehaviorfollowsasinglepathway.Montague,forone,isinvestigatinghowfactorsliketrust,altruismandthefeelingofobligationwhensomeonedoesyouafavorcandivertandmodifystepsinthedecision-makingtree."Thecapacitytousebrainresponsesandrelatethemtobehaviorhasacceleratedatabreathtakingpaceoverthepastfouryearsandyieldedanincredibleamountofinformation,"hesays.Howmarketersusethatdatatohonetheirmessagesremainstobeseen.

1.Whowerediscoveringwhentheypeerinsidethebrainasitmakeseverydaychoiceslikethesepreferencesaccordingtothispassage?

AprofessorsfromuniversityBneuroscientists

CpsychiatristDsciencefictionwriter

2.WhatcanwelearnfromDr.GregoryBernswhoisapsychiatristatEmoryUniversity?

Apeople'sdecisionscanbeeasilyfoundindailylife

Bpeople'sdecisionsalwaysmysterious

Cpeople'sdecisionscanbediscoveredbycomputerandotherequipments

Dpeople'sdecisionscanbeseethroughtheirbehavior

3.Whomaypaymoreattentiontothenewstudyaboutpeople’spreference?

AbigbusinessBuniversityCscientistsDchemist

4.Takingthe“theversionofthePepsiChallenge”asanexample,whatmaythewriterwanttotellus?

AmorepeopleprefercoketoPepsiBtheimportanceofadvertisement

Chowtoimproveourthinkingstyle

Dleftassociationssopowerfulthattheycouldevenoverrideapreferenceforthetasteofdrinks

5.HowdidBrianKnutsondescribethefeelingofthestuffinyourbrainthatpromotesyoursurvival?

Aasanticipatoryemotions,BmotivationCambitionDoutofcontrol

6.WhydidKnutsonandhisteamdeviseawaytomimicthesesameintuitivereactionsinthelab?

ATotesthistheoryBThereisapro