SameSamesex and oppositesex best friend interactions among high school juniors and seniors.docx

SameSamesex and oppositesex best friend interactions among high school juniors and seniors.docx

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SameSamesexandoppositesexbestfriendinteractionsamonghighschooljuniorsandseniors

Same-sex and opposite-sex bestfriend interactions amonghighschooljuniorsandseniors.

作者:

Lundy,Brenda

Field,Tiffany

McBride,CamiK.

来源:

Adolescence;Summer98,Vol.33Issue130,p279-289,11p

物理描述:

Bibliography

文献类型:

Article

主题:

Adolescentpsychology

Social interaction

Friendship

Teenagers

关键字:

Sex differences

摘要:

Eighteenadolescentswerevideotapedduringsame-sex and opposite-sex interactions intheeleventhandtwelfthgrades.Inbothgrades,femalesfeltmorecomfortableduringsame-sex interactions thanduring opposite-sex interactions,andtheyratedtheirsame-sex partnersmorepositivelythandidmales.Femalesinbothgradesandmalesineleventhgradeshowedmorepeerintimacythandidmalesintwelfthgrade.Eleventh-gradefemalesshowedthemostplayfulbehaviors（themostengagedstate）.Moresynchrony（matchingofbehavior）wasfoundfortheanimatedstateinthetwelfthgradeascomparedwiththeeleventhgrade.Reprintedbypermissionofthepublisher.

ISSN:

00018449

入藏编号:

507656601

翻译全文:

HTML全文

SAME-SEX AND OPPOSITE-SEX BESTFRIEND INTERACTIONS AMONGHIGHSCHOOLJUNIORSANDSENIORS 

内容

1.METHOD

2.Subjects

3.Procedure

4.Questionnaires

5.CodingbyObservers

6.RESULTS

7.Self-RatingScales

8.PeerInteractionRatingScales

9.BehaviorStatesandStateMatching

10.CortisolLevels

11.DISCUSSION

12.REFERENCES

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ABSTRACT

Eighteenadolescentswerevideotapedduringsame-sex and opposite-sex interactions intheeleventhandtwelfthgrades.Inbothgrades,femalesfeltmorecomfortableduringsame-sex interactions thanduring opposite-sex interactions,andtheyratedtheirsame-sex partnersmorepositivelythandidmales.Femalesinbothgradesandmalesineleventhgradeshowedmorepeerintimacythandidmalesintwelfthgrade.Eleventh-gradefemalesshowedthemostplayfulbehaviors（themostengagedstate）.Moresynchrony（matchingofbehavior）wasfoundfortheanimatedstateinthetwelfthgradeascomparedwiththeeleventhgrade.

Intimatefriendshipseemstobeoneofthemostsalientcharacteristics.ofadolescence,moresothatinpreviousdevelopmentalstages（Buhrmester,1990;Richey&Richey,1980）.Astudythatcomparedpreadolescentswithadolescentsfoundthatintimatefriendshipismoreimportanttoadolescents（Buhrmester,1990）.Thestudyalsonotedthatcompetenceinpeerrelationshipskillsisagreaterconcernforadolescentsthanforpreadolescents.Areviewoftheliteratureonfriendshiprevealedthatchildrenwithclosefriendsshowbetteracademicperformance,arelesslikelytodropoutofschool,andhavelowerratesofjuveniledelinquencyandadultpsychopathology（Parker&Asher,1987）.Rein（1985）notedthattheDSM-III-Ruseslackofclosepeerrelationshipsasacriterionforanumberofchildhoodpsychiatricdisorders.

Preadolescentbestfriendpairsversusacquaintancepairsshowmorematchingofpositivebehavioralstatesandexperiencelowerstresslevelsduringtheir interactions （Field,Greenwald,Morrow,Healy,Foster,Guthertz,&Frost,1992）.Fewstudies,however,havecomparedsamesexfriendshipswith opposite-sex friendshipsforadolescents.Sharabany,Gershoni,andHolman（1981）investigatedchangesinpeerintimacyofsame-sex and opposite-sex friendshipsduringpreadolescenceandadolescence.A32-itemintimacyquestionnaire,whichassessedeightdimensionsofintimacy（SharabanyIntimacyScale）,wasadministeredto480Israelischoolchildreninthe5th,6th,9th,and11thgrades.Halfratedtheirsame-sex bestfriendandtheotherhalfratedtheir opposite-sexbestfriendonintimacylevel.Femalesreportedagreaterlevelofintimacywiththeirsame-sex friendthandidmales.Theintimacyscoresfor opposite-sex friendswerelowforbothmalesandfemalesinthe5thgrade,butincreasedafterthatforfemalesmorerapidlythanformales.Bythe11thgrade,thelevelof opposite-sex peerintimacywassimilartothatofsame-sex intimacy.

Althoughintimacyratingsprovideinformationregardingthe"comfortlevel"experiencedinfriendships,theinclusionofbehavioralandphysiologicalmeasurescanprovideadditionalinformationrelatedtothelevelofstressduringactualpeer interactions.Inastudyusingbehavioralandphysiologicalmeasures（McBride&Field,1997）,highschooljuniorswerevideotapedinsame-sex and opposite-sex bestfriendpairsduringaface-to-faceconversation.Thevideotapeswereratedforconcordanceofbehaviorstates,salivasampleswerecollectedtodeterminethesubjects'cortisollevelsbeforeandafterthe interaction,andthesubjectscompletedquestionnairesinwhichtheyratedtheir interaction andthelikabilityandcharacteristicsoftheirpartner.Theywerealsoaskedtocompleteself-esteem,peerintimacy,depression,andanxietyscales.Themostcomfortable,playful interactions werefoundtobethosebetweenfemales.Femalesratedtheirsamesexinteractions asmorecomfortableandtheirfemalepartnersmorelikable,andtheyengagedinmoreplayfulbehaviortogetherthandidmale-maleor opposite-sexdyads.Althoughithadbeenanticipatedthatbytheirjunioryeartheseadolescentswouldbespendingmoretimeinheterosexualrelationshipsandthereforeratingthemmoreoptimallyandshowingmoreplayfulbehavior,thatdidnotappeartobetrueforthiseleventh-gradesample.Intermsofbehavioralconcordance,orsynchrony,theadolescentsspentsimilaramountsoftimetogetherinaninterestedstateforbothsame-sex and opposite-sex interactions,andinananimatedstateformalesame-sex pairsandaplayfulstate（thehighestlevelofintimatebehavioronthescale）forfemalesame-sex pairs.

Thepurposeofthepresentresearchwastodetermine

（1）whethera"comfortlevel"similartothatoffemale-female interactions inafaceto-facesituationhaddevelopedformale-male interactions oneyearlater,and

（2）whetherfemaleshadcometoexperiencethesamelevelofcomfortandmatchingofplayfulbehaviorintheir interactions withmalesbytheirsenioryearofhighschoolastheyhadexperiencedinsame-sex interactions intheirjunioryear.

METHOD

Subjects

Eighteenhighschooladolescents（11females,7males）whohadparticipatedintheMcBrideandField（1997）researchduringtheirjunioryearwereagainstudiedduringtheirsenioryear.Theywereaskedduringbothyearstonametheirbestsame-sex friendandbestoppositesexfriendwhoattendedthesamehighschool.Theirbestfriendsweretheninvitedtoparticipatewiththem.Theaverageageoftheadolescentswas16.3years（range-15-17）ineleventhgradeand17.3years（range=16-19）intwelfthgrade.Theirethnicdistributionwas33%Hispanic,28%white,28%AfricanAmerican,and11%other,consistentwiththehighschooldistribution.Forty-fourpercentoftheirparentsweremarried;94%hadatleastsomecollege,and44%hadagraduateschooldegree.Seventy-twopercentoftheirparentsearnedmorethan$30,000,andthesampleaveraged2.3（middletouppermiddleSES）ontheHollingsheadIndex.

Procedure

Selectionofbestfriendpairs.Thestudentswereaskedtoprovidedemographicinformation（age, sex,race）andthenamesoftheirbestsame-sex friendandbestopposite-sex friendwithinthesamehighschoolgrade.Thequestionsusedtoascertainbestfriendswere:

"Ispendthemosttimewith";"Iknowthebest";and"Ihavelunchwiththemost."Thestudentsnamedasbestfriendswerethenaskedtoparticipateandtoanswerthesamequestions.Thestudentswhodesignatedoneanotherontwooutofthreeoftheabovequestionswerematchedinpairs.

Same-sex and opposite-sex bestfriend interactions.Thebestfriendpairswereseatedface-to-faceacrossasmalltableandaskedtohaveaconversationaboutanythingtheydesired（ideasweresuggested,suchastalkingabouttheirdayatschoolortheirsummerplans）.The10-minuteconversationswerevideotapedbyatripod-mountedcameraplacedapproximatelysixfeetawayfromthestudentssoastobeunobtrusive.Amirrorwasproppednexttoonestudentsothattheimageonthevideoscreenshowedthedyadsidebyside.Microphoneswerealsoclippedtothestudents'shirtstoensureanaudiblerecording.Thevideotapedinteractions weresubsequentlycodedbyanobserverwhoratedeachadolescentonhisorherbehavior.

Followingthe10-minute interaction,studentswereadministeredquestionnairesthatrequired15minutestocomplete.Salivasampleswerecollectedpriortotheinteraction andfollowingthequestionnaireperiodtoassaycortisollevelsasanindexofarousallevelor interaction stress.Becausesalivacortisollevelshavea20-minutelagtime,thesalivasampledafarthequestionnaireperiodreflectedcortisollevelsmidwaythroughthe10-minute interaction.Itwasspeculatedthatbythemiddleofthe interaction,theadolescentswouldhaveadaptedtothesituationandprobablybeattheirgreatestease.Forthesamplingofsaliva,eachstudentsimplyplacedadentalswab（dippedinlemonadecrystals）alonghisorher'gumlinefor10seconds.

Questionnaires

Thestudentswereadministeredtwosetsofquestionnaires.Thefirstconsistedofaseriesof interaction ratingscales:

howtheyfeltduringthe interaction,howtheyratedtheir interaction partner,andanassessmentoflevelofintimacywithbestfriend.Thesecondsetcontainedself-ratingscalesthatdealtwithself-esteem,anxiety,anddepressedmood.The interaction ratingscaleswereadministeredafterboththesame-sex and opposite-sex interactions.Theself-ratingscaleswereadministeredonlyafterthefirstsession.Thesame-sex/opposite-sex interaction orderwascounterbalancedtominimizeanyeffectsonquestionnaireresponses.

Feel