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TOEFL
智课网TOEFL备考资料
TOEFL阅读补充加试
摘要:
托福阅读补充加试:
地核物质成分讨论地核物质成分,科学家根据地震波传导的快慢,确定了地核的成分与地表的成分不同。
然后科学家发现火山爆发出来的物质有钻石,证明地球深层是一个高
托福阅读补充加试:
地核物质成分
讨论地核物质成分,科学家根据地震波传导的快慢,确定了地核的成分与地表的成分不同。
然后科学家发现火山爆发出来的物质有钻石,证明地球深层是一个高温高压的环境,因为钻石只能在这种情况下产生。
然后来了一段很长的,TMD,如果他分开好了。
说根据陨石里面的材料来判定地核的材料。
因为科学家可以估计地核的密度,如果发现陨石的密度与地核密度差不多,很有可能他们的element(元素成份)是相同的。
有一道题目问地核的构成物质最多是什么,有iron,silicon(硅),还有两个忘记了。
托福阅读补充加试:
玛雅文明
玛雅文明在公元前900年后的发展,主要几个region原来是独立的,后来就有融合了,但又不是完全融合,有自己的特点。
托福阅读补充加试:
生物适应性
主要介绍了沙漠中的动植物是如何适应极端环境的。
首先说了沙漠最大的问题就是缺水,如何适应这种缺水环
境就是各种动植物存活的关键。
然后说了植物是如何适应缺水环境的:
有些是周期性植物,只在湿度较高时才生长;常年生长的植物采取另一些办法,例如,叶子表面产生一层蜡质,减少水分蒸发;有些叶子成了刺;有些的根系特别发达;等等。
然后,另起一段将动物是如何适应的:
产生高盐度的尿液,调整呼吸,等等。
随后,还对比了在沙漠和在极地生活的同一种动物的异同。
生物学:
植物的defensesystem,以及科学家为证实defensesystem对于deteranimalfeedingonthem有很大的用处。
有一道题是,食草东西虽然吃他们的种子,却也帮助他们传播和繁殖。
托福阅读补充加试modificationofweather
多年来人们一直努力改变天气。
最初是发现一战期间,降雨增多(可能与武器使用有关),美国农业部开始试验。
后来1946年,有个员工发现干冰能让supercooledwaterbecomesnowparticles.文章给supercool下了定义就是低于零度但是还没有结冰。
于是人们开始用dryice和silveriodide来进行人工降雨。
其原理就是dryicemakesthemoisturefreezeintoiceparticlesandthesurroundingmoisturefreezearoundit.也就是为降雨提供了凝结核。
后来文章说有人担心这样下去会使地面水体的含银量增高,但是调查并没有显示这个说法。
这种cloudseeding办法继续发展,用别的物质替代干冰。
但是很多人concern这种办法,会对local的环境带来影响,但是并无定论。
托福阅读补充加试:
亚历山大帝国覆灭后的发展
亚歷山大大帝之后,他的王国分裂为三个,然后又被罗马人统治了(有道题问,在亚歷山大帝国覆灭后,由哪个势力统治)下面,又讲尼罗河埃及的发展~其中的Greece创造了一种文明,不好意思单词忘了,有点复杂。
文章讲述了文明的发生,影响。
由於涉及到一些歷史人物和位址,单词怪怪的,不过题目不是很困难。
托福阅读补充加试六:
marsupial(有袋动物)
说o动物是marsupial(有袋动物)的一种,然后说marsupial跟一般动物的不一样,主要是在生理结构上,然后说marsupialisprimitive(原始简单的),(有题,问为什么except).然后文章说了很久很久以前,大陆都是连到一起的,然后分开之后,marsupial在美洲竞争不过其他动物了,所以只有澳洲的marsupial很flourish,那么美洲的呢?
说南美和北美再次连接起来之后,很多食肉动物南下,把marsupial都吃了。
然后说o动物很奇特,跟其他marsupial不一样,所以他才可以留在美洲大陆,然后说很多人觉得o动物不进化,但是事实证明他是最近才来到北美的,然后说o动物适应能力好,什么都吃,人扔的垃圾都吃,所以他活下来了。
Question1-9
AlthoughsocialchangesintheUnitedStateswerebeingwroughtthroughoutmostofthenineteenth-century,,publicawarenessofthechangesincreasedtonewlevelsinthe1890's.Theacute,growingpublicawarenessofthesocialchangesthathadbeentakingplaceforsometimewastiedtotremendousgrowthinpopularjournalisminthelatenineteenthcentury,includinggrowthinquantityandcirculationofbothmagazinesandnewspapers.Thesedevelopments,inadditiontothecontinuedgrowthofcities,weresignificantfactorsinthetransformationofsocietyfromonecharacterizedbyrelativelyisolatedself-containedcommunitiesintoanurban,industrialnation.Thedecadeofthe1870's,forexample,wasaperiodinwhichthesheernumberofnewspapersdoubled,andby1880theNewYorkGraphichadpublishedthefirstphotographicreproductioninanewspaper,portendingadramaticriseinnewspaperreadership.Between1882and1886alone,thepriceofdailynewspapersdroppedfromfourcentsacopytoonecent,madepossibleinpartbyagreatincreaseindemand.Furthermore,theintroductionin1890ofthefirstsuccessfullinotypemachinepromisedevenfurthergrowth.In1872onlytwodailynewspaperscouldclaimacirculationofover100,000,butby1892sevenmorenewspapersexceededthatfigure.Aworldbeyondtheimmediatecommunitywasrapidlybecomingvisible.
ButitwasnotnewspapersalonethatwerebringingthenewawarenesstopeopleIntheUnitedStatesinthelatenineteenthcentury.Magazinesastheyareknowntodaybeganpublicationaround1882,and,infact,thecirculationofweeklymagazinesexceededthatofnewspapersintheperiodwhichfollowed.By1892,forexample,thecirculationoftheLadies'HomeJournalhadreachedanastounding700,000.Anincreaseinbookreadershipalsoplayedasignificantpartinthisgeneraltrend.Forexample,EdwardBellamy'sutopiannovel,LookingBackward,soldoveramillioncopiesin1888,givingrisetothegrowthoforganizationsdedicatedtotherealizationofBellamy'svisionofthefuture.Theprintedword,unquestionably.wasintrudingontheinsulationthathadcharacterizedUnitedSlatessocietyinanearlierperiod.
1.Theword"acute"inline3isclosestinmeaningto
(A)useful
(B)intense
(C)genuine
(D)controversial
2.Accordingtothepassage,theexpansionofpopularjournalism
waslinkedto
(A)changesinthedistributionsystem
(B)alargersupplyofpaper
(C)anincreaseinpeople'sawarenessofsocialchanges
(D)greaternumbersofjournalists
3Accordingtothepassage,theNewYorkGraphic'sinclusionofphotographscontributedto
(A)theclosingofnewspapersthatdidnotusephotographs
(B)newspapersbecomingmoreexpensive
(C)anincreaseinthenumberofpeoplereadingnewspapers
(D)areductioninthecostofadvertising
4.Whywasthereadropinthepriceofdailynewspapersbetween1882and1886?
(A)Therewasariseindemand.
(B)Newspapershadfewerpages.
(C)Newspaperscontainedphotographicreproductions.
(D)Magazinesbegantocompetewithnewspapers.
5..Theword"exceeded"inline16isclosestinmeaningto
(A)controlled
(B)surpassed
(C)affected
(D)equaled
6.Whatdoestheauthormeanbythestatement"Aworldbeyondtheimmediatecommunitywasrapidlybecomingvisible"inlilies16-11?
(A)Photographsmadenewspapersmoreinteresting.
(B)TheUnitedSlatesexportednewspaperstoothercountries.
(C)Peoplewerebecomingincreasinglyawareofnationalandinternationalissues.
(D)Communitiesremainedisolateddespitethegrowthofpopularjournalism
7.Theword"that"inline21refersto
(A)century
(B)publication
(C)circulation
(D)period
8.Theword"astounding"inline22isclosestinmeaningto
(A)surprising
(B)estimated
(C)encouraging
(D)sudden
9.WhydoestheauthormentionEdwardBellamy'snovelLookingBackward?
(A)Toillustratehowadvancedthetechnologyofprintinghadbecome
(B)Toemphasizetheinfluenceoftheprintedwordonasocietyundergoingrapid
change
(C)Todocumentitspredictionaboutthepopularityofnewspapers
(D)Todemonstratethathookshadreplacednewspapersandmagazinesasthe
leadingsourceofinformation
Question10-19
Glassisaremarkablesubstancemadefromthesimplestrawmaterials.Itcanbecoloredorcolorless,monochromeorpolychrome,transparent,translucent,oropaque.Itislightweightimpermeabletoliquids,readilycleanedandreused,durableyetfragile,andoftenverybeautifulGlasscanbedecoratedinmultiplewaysanditsopticalpropertiesareexceptional.Inallitsmyriadforms–astableware,containers,inarchitectureanddesign–glassrepresentsamajorachievementinthehistoryoftechnologicaldevelopments.
SincetheBronzeAgeabout3,000B.C.,glassliasbeenusedformakingvariouskindsofobjects.Itwasfirstmadefromamixtureofsilica,lineandanalkalisuchassodaorpotash,andtheseremainedthebasicingredientsofglassuntilthedevelopmentofleadglassintheseventeenthcentury.Whenheated,themixturebecomessoftandmalleableandcanbeformedbyvarioustechniquesintoavastarrayofshapesandsizes.Thehomogeneousmassthusformedbymeltingthencoolstocreateglass,butincontrasttomostmaterialsformedinthisway(metals,forinstance),glasslacksthecrystallinestructurenormallyassociatedwithsolids,andinsteadretainstherandommolecularstructureofaliquid.Ineffect,asmoltenglasscools,itprogressivelystiffensuntilrigid,butdoessowithoutsettingupanetworkofinterlockingcrystalscustomarilyassociatedwiththatprocess.Thisiswhyglassshatterssoeasilywhendealtablow.Whyglassdeterioratesovertime,especiallywhenexposedtomoisture,andwhyglasswaremustbeslowlyreheatedanduniformlycooledaftermanufacturetoreleaseinternalstressesInducedbyunevencooling.
Anotherunusualfeatureofglassisthemannerinwhichitsviscositychangesasitturnsfromacoldsubstanceintoahot,ductileliquid.Unlikemetalsthatflowor"freeze"atspecifictemperaturesglassprogressivelysoftensasthetemperaturerises,goingthroughvaryingstagesofmalleabilityuntilitflowslikeathicksyrup.Eachstageofmalleabilityallowstheglasstobemanipulatedintovariousforms,bydifferenttechniques,andifsuddenlycooledtheobjectretainstheshapeachievedatthatpoint.Glassisthusamenabletoagreaternumberofheat-formingtechniquesthanmostothermaterials.
10.Whydoestheauthorlistthecharacteristicsofglassinlines1-5?
(A)Todemonstratehowglassevolved
(B)Toshowtheversatilityofglass
(C)Toexplainglassmakingtechnology
(D)Toexplainthepurposeofeachcomponentofglass
11.Theword"durable"'inhue3isclosestinmeaningto
(A)lasting
(B)delicate
(C)heavy
(D)Plain
12.Whatdoestheauthorimplyabouttherawmaterialsusedtomakeglass?
(A)Theywerethesameforcenturies.
(B)Theyarcliquid
(C)Theyaretransparent
(D)Theyareveryheavy.
13.Accordingtothepassage,howisglassthathascooledandbecomerigiddifferentfrommostotherrigidsubstances?
(A)Ithasaninterlockingcrystalnetwork.
(B)Ithasanunusuallylowmeltingtemperature.
(C)Ithasvaryingphysicalproperties.
(D)Ithasarandommolecularstructure.
14.Theword"customarily"inline13isclosestinmeaningto
(A)naturally
(B)necessarily
(C)usually
(D)certainly
15.Thewords"exposedto"inline19areclosestinmeaningto
(A)hardenedby
(B)chilledwith
(C)subjectedto
(D)deprivedof
16.Whatmustbedonetoreleasetheinternalstressesthatbuildupinglassproductsduringmanufacture?
(A)theglassmustbereheatedandevenlycooled.
(B)theglassmustbecooledquickly.
(C)Theglassmustbekeptmoistuntilcooled.
(D)Theglassmustbeshapedtoitsdesiredformimmediately
17.Theword"induced"inline2