TOEFL.docx

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TOEFL.docx

TOEFL

 

智课网TOEFL备考资料

 

TOEFL阅读补充加试

摘要:

托福阅读补充加试:

地核物质成分讨论地核物质成分,科学家根据地震波传导的快慢,确定了地核的成分与地表的成分不同。

然后科学家发现火山爆发出来的物质有钻石,证明地球深层是一个高

托福阅读补充加试:

地核物质成分

讨论地核物质成分,科学家根据地震波传导的快慢,确定了地核的成分与地表的成分不同。

然后科学家发现火山爆发出来的物质有钻石,证明地球深层是一个高温高压的环境,因为钻石只能在这种情况下产生。

然后来了一段很长的,TMD,如果他分开好了。

说根据陨石里面的材料来判定地核的材料。

因为科学家可以估计地核的密度,如果发现陨石的密度与地核密度差不多,很有可能他们的element(元素成份)是相同的。

有一道题目问地核的构成物质最多是什么,有iron,silicon(硅),还有两个忘记了。

托福阅读补充加试:

玛雅文明

玛雅文明在公元前900年后的发展,主要几个region原来是独立的,后来就有融合了,但又不是完全融合,有自己的特点。

托福阅读补充加试:

生物适应性

主要介绍了沙漠中的动植物是如何适应极端环境的。

首先说了沙漠最大的问题就是缺水,如何适应这种缺水环

境就是各种动植物存活的关键。

然后说了植物是如何适应缺水环境的:

有些是周期性植物,只在湿度较高时才生长;常年生长的植物采取另一些办法,例如,叶子表面产生一层蜡质,减少水分蒸发;有些叶子成了刺;有些的根系特别发达;等等。

然后,另起一段将动物是如何适应的:

产生高盐度的尿液,调整呼吸,等等。

随后,还对比了在沙漠和在极地生活的同一种动物的异同。

生物学:

植物的defensesystem,以及科学家为证实defensesystem对于deteranimalfeedingonthem有很大的用处。

有一道题是,食草东西虽然吃他们的种子,却也帮助他们传播和繁殖。

托福阅读补充加试modificationofweather

多年来人们一直努力改变天气。

最初是发现一战期间,降雨增多(可能与武器使用有关),美国农业部开始试验。

后来1946年,有个员工发现干冰能让supercooledwaterbecomesnowparticles.文章给supercool下了定义就是低于零度但是还没有结冰。

于是人们开始用dryice和silveriodide来进行人工降雨。

其原理就是dryicemakesthemoisturefreezeintoiceparticlesandthesurroundingmoisturefreezearoundit.也就是为降雨提供了凝结核。

后来文章说有人担心这样下去会使地面水体的含银量增高,但是调查并没有显示这个说法。

这种cloudseeding办法继续发展,用别的物质替代干冰。

但是很多人concern这种办法,会对local的环境带来影响,但是并无定论。

托福阅读补充加试:

亚历山大帝国覆灭后的发展

亚歷山大大帝之后,他的王国分裂为三个,然后又被罗马人统治了(有道题问,在亚歷山大帝国覆灭后,由哪个势力统治)下面,又讲尼罗河埃及的发展~其中的Greece创造了一种文明,不好意思单词忘了,有点复杂。

文章讲述了文明的发生,影响。

由於涉及到一些歷史人物和位址,单词怪怪的,不过题目不是很困难。

托福阅读补充加试六:

marsupial(有袋动物)

说o动物是marsupial(有袋动物)的一种,然后说marsupial跟一般动物的不一样,主要是在生理结构上,然后说marsupialisprimitive(原始简单的),(有题,问为什么except).然后文章说了很久很久以前,大陆都是连到一起的,然后分开之后,marsupial在美洲竞争不过其他动物了,所以只有澳洲的marsupial很flourish,那么美洲的呢?

说南美和北美再次连接起来之后,很多食肉动物南下,把marsupial都吃了。

然后说o动物很奇特,跟其他marsupial不一样,所以他才可以留在美洲大陆,然后说很多人觉得o动物不进化,但是事实证明他是最近才来到北美的,然后说o动物适应能力好,什么都吃,人扔的垃圾都吃,所以他活下来了。

Question1-9

AlthoughsocialchangesintheUnitedStateswerebeingwroughtthroughoutmostofthenineteenth-century,,publicawarenessofthechangesincreasedtonewlevelsinthe1890's.Theacute,growingpublicawarenessofthesocialchangesthathadbeentakingplaceforsometimewastiedtotremendousgrowthinpopularjournalisminthelatenineteenthcentury,includinggrowthinquantityandcirculationofbothmagazinesandnewspapers.Thesedevelopments,inadditiontothecontinuedgrowthofcities,weresignificantfactorsinthetransformationofsocietyfromonecharacterizedbyrelativelyisolatedself-containedcommunitiesintoanurban,industrialnation.Thedecadeofthe1870's,forexample,wasaperiodinwhichthesheernumberofnewspapersdoubled,andby1880theNewYorkGraphichadpublishedthefirstphotographicreproductioninanewspaper,portendingadramaticriseinnewspaperreadership.Between1882and1886alone,thepriceofdailynewspapersdroppedfromfourcentsacopytoonecent,madepossibleinpartbyagreatincreaseindemand.Furthermore,theintroductionin1890ofthefirstsuccessfullinotypemachinepromisedevenfurthergrowth.In1872onlytwodailynewspaperscouldclaimacirculationofover100,000,butby1892sevenmorenewspapersexceededthatfigure.Aworldbeyondtheimmediatecommunitywasrapidlybecomingvisible.

ButitwasnotnewspapersalonethatwerebringingthenewawarenesstopeopleIntheUnitedStatesinthelatenineteenthcentury.Magazinesastheyareknowntodaybeganpublicationaround1882,and,infact,thecirculationofweeklymagazinesexceededthatofnewspapersintheperiodwhichfollowed.By1892,forexample,thecirculationoftheLadies'HomeJournalhadreachedanastounding700,000.Anincreaseinbookreadershipalsoplayedasignificantpartinthisgeneraltrend.Forexample,EdwardBellamy'sutopiannovel,LookingBackward,soldoveramillioncopiesin1888,givingrisetothegrowthoforganizationsdedicatedtotherealizationofBellamy'svisionofthefuture.Theprintedword,unquestionably.wasintrudingontheinsulationthathadcharacterizedUnitedSlatessocietyinanearlierperiod.

1.Theword"acute"inline3isclosestinmeaningto

(A)useful

(B)intense

(C)genuine

(D)controversial

2.Accordingtothepassage,theexpansionofpopularjournalism

waslinkedto

(A)changesinthedistributionsystem

(B)alargersupplyofpaper

(C)anincreaseinpeople'sawarenessofsocialchanges

(D)greaternumbersofjournalists

3Accordingtothepassage,theNewYorkGraphic'sinclusionofphotographscontributedto

(A)theclosingofnewspapersthatdidnotusephotographs

(B)newspapersbecomingmoreexpensive

(C)anincreaseinthenumberofpeoplereadingnewspapers

(D)areductioninthecostofadvertising

4.Whywasthereadropinthepriceofdailynewspapersbetween1882and1886?

(A)Therewasariseindemand.

(B)Newspapershadfewerpages.

(C)Newspaperscontainedphotographicreproductions.

(D)Magazinesbegantocompetewithnewspapers.

5..Theword"exceeded"inline16isclosestinmeaningto

(A)controlled

(B)surpassed

(C)affected

(D)equaled

6.Whatdoestheauthormeanbythestatement"Aworldbeyondtheimmediatecommunitywasrapidlybecomingvisible"inlilies16-11?

(A)Photographsmadenewspapersmoreinteresting.

(B)TheUnitedSlatesexportednewspaperstoothercountries.

(C)Peoplewerebecomingincreasinglyawareofnationalandinternationalissues.

(D)Communitiesremainedisolateddespitethegrowthofpopularjournalism

7.Theword"that"inline21refersto

(A)century

(B)publication

(C)circulation

(D)period

8.Theword"astounding"inline22isclosestinmeaningto

(A)surprising

(B)estimated

(C)encouraging

(D)sudden

9.WhydoestheauthormentionEdwardBellamy'snovelLookingBackward?

(A)Toillustratehowadvancedthetechnologyofprintinghadbecome

(B)Toemphasizetheinfluenceoftheprintedwordonasocietyundergoingrapid

change

(C)Todocumentitspredictionaboutthepopularityofnewspapers

(D)Todemonstratethathookshadreplacednewspapersandmagazinesasthe

leadingsourceofinformation

Question10-19

Glassisaremarkablesubstancemadefromthesimplestrawmaterials.Itcanbecoloredorcolorless,monochromeorpolychrome,transparent,translucent,oropaque.Itislightweightimpermeabletoliquids,readilycleanedandreused,durableyetfragile,andoftenverybeautifulGlasscanbedecoratedinmultiplewaysanditsopticalpropertiesareexceptional.Inallitsmyriadforms–astableware,containers,inarchitectureanddesign–glassrepresentsamajorachievementinthehistoryoftechnologicaldevelopments.

SincetheBronzeAgeabout3,000B.C.,glassliasbeenusedformakingvariouskindsofobjects.Itwasfirstmadefromamixtureofsilica,lineandanalkalisuchassodaorpotash,andtheseremainedthebasicingredientsofglassuntilthedevelopmentofleadglassintheseventeenthcentury.Whenheated,themixturebecomessoftandmalleableandcanbeformedbyvarioustechniquesintoavastarrayofshapesandsizes.Thehomogeneousmassthusformedbymeltingthencoolstocreateglass,butincontrasttomostmaterialsformedinthisway(metals,forinstance),glasslacksthecrystallinestructurenormallyassociatedwithsolids,andinsteadretainstherandommolecularstructureofaliquid.Ineffect,asmoltenglasscools,itprogressivelystiffensuntilrigid,butdoessowithoutsettingupanetworkofinterlockingcrystalscustomarilyassociatedwiththatprocess.Thisiswhyglassshatterssoeasilywhendealtablow.Whyglassdeterioratesovertime,especiallywhenexposedtomoisture,andwhyglasswaremustbeslowlyreheatedanduniformlycooledaftermanufacturetoreleaseinternalstressesInducedbyunevencooling.

Anotherunusualfeatureofglassisthemannerinwhichitsviscositychangesasitturnsfromacoldsubstanceintoahot,ductileliquid.Unlikemetalsthatflowor"freeze"atspecifictemperaturesglassprogressivelysoftensasthetemperaturerises,goingthroughvaryingstagesofmalleabilityuntilitflowslikeathicksyrup.Eachstageofmalleabilityallowstheglasstobemanipulatedintovariousforms,bydifferenttechniques,andifsuddenlycooledtheobjectretainstheshapeachievedatthatpoint.Glassisthusamenabletoagreaternumberofheat-formingtechniquesthanmostothermaterials.

10.Whydoestheauthorlistthecharacteristicsofglassinlines1-5?

(A)Todemonstratehowglassevolved

(B)Toshowtheversatilityofglass

(C)Toexplainglassmakingtechnology

(D)Toexplainthepurposeofeachcomponentofglass

11.Theword"durable"'inhue3isclosestinmeaningto

(A)lasting

(B)delicate

(C)heavy

(D)Plain

12.Whatdoestheauthorimplyabouttherawmaterialsusedtomakeglass?

(A)Theywerethesameforcenturies.

(B)Theyarcliquid

(C)Theyaretransparent

(D)Theyareveryheavy.

13.Accordingtothepassage,howisglassthathascooledandbecomerigiddifferentfrommostotherrigidsubstances?

(A)Ithasaninterlockingcrystalnetwork.

(B)Ithasanunusuallylowmeltingtemperature.

(C)Ithasvaryingphysicalproperties.

(D)Ithasarandommolecularstructure.

14.Theword"customarily"inline13isclosestinmeaningto

(A)naturally

(B)necessarily

(C)usually

(D)certainly

15.Thewords"exposedto"inline19areclosestinmeaningto

(A)hardenedby

(B)chilledwith

(C)subjectedto

(D)deprivedof

16.Whatmustbedonetoreleasetheinternalstressesthatbuildupinglassproductsduringmanufacture?

(A)theglassmustbereheatedandevenlycooled.

(B)theglassmustbecooledquickly.

(C)Theglassmustbekeptmoistuntilcooled.

(D)Theglassmustbeshapedtoitsdesiredformimmediately

17.Theword"induced"inline2

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